Research Methods

Question 1

Lab experiment

Answer 1

Artificial controlled experiment. The researcher manipulates the IV to see what effect it has on the DV. Strict control on EV’s. Ppts are aware

Question 2

Field experiment

Answer 2

More natural environment. Researcher manipulates IV to see the effect on the DV. Ppts don’t know

Question 3

Natural experiment

Answer 3

IV = SETTING. everyday environment. IV is naturally occurring + in a natural environment

Question 4

Quasi experiment

Answer 4

IV = PERSON. IV based on natural existing difference between people. Researcher doesn’t manipulate IV. Ppts can’t be randomly allocated

Question 5

Standardised procedure

Answer 5

The process in which procedures used in research are kept the same

Question 6

Ecological validity

Answer 6

Generalise results to another setting

Question 7

Mundane realism

Answer 7

How the task is representative to every day life

Question 8

Demand characteristics

Answer 8

Ppts work out the aim of the study from environment - change behaviour as a result. ‘Please you’-effects- ‘Screw you’

Question 9

Direction hypothesis

Answer 9

Ppts who [IV1] will have higher/lower [DV] than ppts who [IV2]

Question 10

Non-direction hypothesis

Answer 10

There will be a difference [DV] for ppts in [IV1] compared to [IV2]

Question 11

Null hypothesis

Answer 11

No difference in [DV] for ppts in [IV1] compared to [IV2]

Question 12

Experimental designs

Answer 12

How we use ppts

Question 13

Independent groups design

Answer 13

Ppts take part in 1 condition only and 1 group only

Question 14

How are ppts randomly allocated

Answer 14

‘Lottery method’ + ‘random name generator’

Question 15

Repeated measures design

Answer 15

Ppts do both both conditions

Question 16

Matched pairs design

Answer 16

Each ppt take part in 1 condition but ppts are matched on relevant considered variables — to match them you give out questionnaires then use random allocation

Question 17

Aim

Answer 17

General expression of what the research intends to investigate

Question 18

Independent variable

Answer 18

What you change in the experiment

Question 19

Dependent variable

Answer 19

The measurable data in the experiment

Question 20

Extraneous variable

Answer 20

The other parts that may lead to dependent variable changing therefore needs to be controlled

Question 21

Hypothesis

Answer 21

Precise, testable statement of what the researchers predict will be the outcome of the study

Question 22

Operationalisation

Answer 22

Making your hypothesis measureable and testable

Question 23

Relationship between control and realism experiments

Answer 23

High control means low realism + vice versa

Question 24

Cyclical process

Answer 24

Idea that research should start in a lab where we can establish cause+effect and test the results in the real world

Question 25

Experimental realism

Answer 25

The extent to which the experiment is psychologically impacted and feels real

Question 26

Confounding variables

Answer 26

Variables apart from the IV that have affected the DV

Question 27

Uncontrolled variables

Answer 27

Variables that can’t be controlled e.g. weather. They’ll become confounding variables

Question 28

experimental group

Answer 28

the group exposed to the IV

Question 29

control group

Answer 29

not exposed to the IV and used as a comparison

Question 30

independent groups design

Answer 30

when people only take part in one condition

Question 31

situational confounding variable

Answer 31

feautures of the experimental situation that has affected the DV

Question 32

participant confounding variable

Answer 32

able to do with differences between the ppts

Question 33

randomisation

Answer 33

Any stimuli is an exp is presented in a random manner manner no effect on DV

Question 34

single blind test

Answer 34

not letting ppts know which condition they are in

Question 35

double blind test

Answer 35

neither ppt or researcher knows what condition they are in/doing

Question 36

investigator effects

Answer 36

where a researcher acts in a way to support their prediction

Question 37

target population

Answer 37

the group of people the researcher wants to study

Question 38

sample

Answer 38

a small group of people who present the target population

Question 39

random sampling

Answer 39

a sample technique in which every member of the target population has an equal chance of being chosen

Question 40

sampling frame

Answer 40

a complete list of all members of the target population is obtained

Question 41

opportunity sampling

Answer 41

a technique that involves recruiting anyone who happens to be available at the time of your study

Question 42

volunteer sampling

Answer 42

people actively volunteer to be in a study by responding to a request which has been advertised by researcher

Question 43

systematic sampling

Answer 43

involves selecting names from sampling frame at regular intervals

Question 44

stratified sampling

Answer 44

ppts selected from sub groups. it is in proportion to subgroups frequency in the population

Question 45

internal validity

Answer 45

refers to the extent to which a study establishes a cause and effect relationship between the IV and the DV

Question 46

external validity

Answer 46

refers to the extent the results can be generalised to other settings

Question 47

construct validity

Answer 47

degree to which a test measures what it claims to be measuring

Question 48

concurrent validity

Answer 48

asks whether a measure is in agreement with a pre existing measure that is validated to test for the same concept correlating measures against each other

Question 49

predictive validity

Answer 49

the degree to which a test accurately predicts a criterion that will occur in the future