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Research Methods Flashcards

1
Q

Name the different types of observation

A

-Naturalistic observation
-Controlled observation
-Cover observation
-Overt observation
-Participant and non participant observations

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2
Q

What are the to ways of recording data in observational designs

A

-Recording everything (unstructured)
-categories (structured)

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3
Q

What are behavioural categories in observational designs

A

-Target behaviour broken down into observable components

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4
Q

What are the two types of sampling in observational designs

A

-Event Sampling
-Time sampling

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5
Q

What are independent variables

A

The thing you can change to see the effect on the dependent variable

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6
Q

What are dependent variables

A

The thing you are measuring

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7
Q

What are extraneous variables

A

Other things that could affect the DV that you are not measuring

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8
Q

What are confounding variables

A

Other variables that have affected your results

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9
Q

What is an aim in an experiment

A

A general expression of what the researcher wishes to investigate

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10
Q

What is a hypothesis

A

A predictive statement on what the researcher believes they will find, can be one tailed or two tailed

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11
Q

What are demmand characteristics

A

Any cue from the research situation or researcher that may expose the aims of the experiment causing participants to change their behaviour

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12
Q

What are investigator effects

A

Where investigators behaviour may effect the outcome of the experiment

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13
Q

Name the 5 research techniques for experiments

A

-Randomisation
-Standardisation
-Control groups
-Single bind
-Double bind

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14
Q

What are single bind experiments

A

Participant does not know the aim of the experiment

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15
Q

What are double bind experiments

A

The researcher and participant does not know the aim of the experiment

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16
Q

What are pilot studies

A

Trial run of the experiment on a smaller scale to resolve any problems

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17
Q

Name the 3 experimental designs

A

-Independent groups
-Repeated measures
-Matched pairs

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18
Q

Outline independent groups

A

-Participants in each condition of the experiment are different
-Participants should be randomly allocated to groups

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19
Q

Outline repeated measures

A

-The same participants take part in all of the conditions of the experiment
-Order of the conditions should be counterbalanced to avoid order effects

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20
Q

Outline matched pairs

A

Two groups of participants in different conditions paired on participant variables mattering to the experiment

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21
Q

Evaluate independent groups

A

-Participant variables are not controlled (HOWEVER can be solved by random allocation
-Less economical
-Order effects are not an issue

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22
Q

Evaluate repeated measures

A

-Order effects and demmand characteristics
-Participant variables controlled
-More economical

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23
Q

Evaluate matched pairs

A

-No order effects
-Cannot match participants perfectly
-Time consuming

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24
Q

Name the types of experiments

A

-Lab experiment
-Field experiment
-Natural experiment
-Quasi experiment

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25
What are lab experiments
-Controlled setting -EV's and CV's can be regulated -IV manipulated and the effect on the DV is recorded
26
What are field experiments
-IV manipulated in a natural setting -effect on the DV is recorded
27
What are natural experiments
-Experimenter does not manipulate the IV -DV may be naturally occuring
28
What are quasi experiments
-IV based off pre existing differences (e.g age or gender) -No one manipulates the IV -DV may be naturally occurring or measured by the experimenter
29
Evaluate lab experiments
-High internal validity as EV's and CV's controlled -Replicability easy -Low external validity -Demand characteristics
30
Evaluate field experiments
-Greater external validity as natural enviroment -Low internal validity (less control) -There may be ethical issues
31
Evaluate natural experiments
-High external validity -Ethical -No manipulation of IV so cannot say the cause and effect -No random allocation
32
Evaluate Quasi experiments
-High control -Comparisons can be made between people -No random allocation -No manipulation of the IV
33
Name the different types of sampling
-Opportunity -Volunteer -Random -Systematic -Stratified
34
What is opportunity sampling
People who are the most willing and available at the time
35
What is volunteer sampling
Participants select themselves for the study
36
What is random sampling
Every person in target population has an equal chance of being selected e.g pulling names out of a hat
37
What is systematic sampling
Participants are selected using a set of patterns e.g for every nth person from a list
38
What is stratified sampling
Participants selected according to their demographic group in relation to frequency in the target population then by using a random sample
39
Evaluate opportunity sampling
-Quick -Biased
40
Evaluate volunteer sampling
-Participants are willing to engage -Likely to have volunteer bias
41
Evaluate random sampling
-Does not run the risk of investigator effects -May not be representative of the whole population
42
Evaluate systematic sampling
-Unbiased selection method so not investigator effects -Time and effort consuming
43
Evaluate stratified sampling
-Representative -Time consuming -Cannot fully represent every demographic
44
Name four ethical issues
-Informed consent -Deception -Protection from harm -Privacy/Confidentiality
45
What are correlations
-No manipulation of IV's and DV's so cant demonstrate cause and effect -influence of EV's not controlled
46
Evaluate correlations
-Useful startpoint for research -Relatively economical -No Cause and effect -Method can be used to measure variables, may be flawed
47
Evaluate covert observation
-Demand characteristics reduced -ethical issues
48
Evaluate over observation
-More ethically acceptible -Demand characteristics
49
Name the 5 types of data forms
-Qualitative data -Quantitative -Primary data -Secondary data -Meta Analysis
50
What is quantitative data
Numerical data e.g reaction time or number
51
What is qualitative data
Non numerical data expressed in words e.g extract from a diary
52
Evaluate quantitative data
-Easier to analyse -Oversimplifies behaviour
53
Evaluate qualitative data
-Represents complexities -Less easy to analyse
54
What is primary data
First hand data collected for the purpose of the investigation
55
What is secondary data
Collected by someone other than the researcher for a different purpose
56
What is a meta-analysis
A type of secondary data that involves combining data from a large number of studies
57
Evaluate primary data
-Fits the job -Required time and effort
58
Evaluate secondary data
-Inexpensive -Quality may be poor
59
Evaluate meta-analysis
-Increases validity of conclusions -Publication bias
60
What are the three measures of central tendency
-Mean -Mode -Median
61
What are the two measures of dispersion
-Range -Standard deviation
62
What is the mean
Arithmetic average, add up all the scores and divide by the total number of scores
63
What is the median
-Middle value -Place scores in ascending order and select middle value -If there are two middle values, the mean is calculated
64
What is the mode
Most frequent or common value
65
Evaluate the mean
-Sensitive -May be unrepresentative
66
Evaluate the median
-Unaffected by extreme scores -Less sensitive than the mean
67
Evaluate the mode
-Relevant to categorical data -Oversimplistic measure
68
What is the range
The difference between the lowest and highest value +1
69
What is standard deviation
-Measure of average spread around the mean -Larger the SD, more spread out the data is
70
Evaluate the range
-Easy to calculate -Does not account for distribution of scores
71
Evaluate standard deviation
-More precise than the range -May be misleading
72
What are the different ways of presenting qualitative data
-Tables -Bar chart -Histograms -Line graph -Scattergram
73
What is a table
Raw scores displayed in columns and rows; a summary paragraph beneath the table explains the results
74
What is a bar chart
Categories usually placed along the x axis and frequency on the y axis. Height of column represents frequency for that item
75
What is a histogram
Bar touch each other - data is continuous rather than discrete. There is a true zero
76
What is a line graph
Frequency on one axis, data on the other axis is continuous. The line often shows how something changes over time
77
What is a scattergram
Used for correlational analysis. Each dot represents one pair of related data. The data on both axis must be continuous

psychology (12 decks)

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