Memory Flashcards

Question

What is retrieval failure

Answer 1

Forgetting because of a lack of cues

Answer 2

Recall best when there's a large overlap between information available at the time of retrieval (cues) and information in memory trace

Answer 3

-Context dependent forgetting -State dependent forgetting

Answer 4

Recall depends on external cues (weather or place)

Answer 5

Recall depends on internal cue (feeling upset, being drunk)

Answer 6

Godden and Baddely (1975) found divers when recalling in same environment (underwater or on land) to where they learnt it had a 40% lower recall when not matching

Answer 7

Carter and Cassaday (1998) found when there was a mismatch between internal state at learning and recall (on drugs or not) performance on a memory test was worse

Answer 8

-Real world application: cues can be used as a strategy to improve recall -No forgetting unless contexts are very different e.g land versus underwater -Depends on the type of memory being used: on a recognition test, there was no context dependent effect (Godden and Baddely)

Answer 9

Question which because of the way it is phrased suggests a certain answer e.g "was the knife in the left hand?"

Answer 10

-Loftus and Palmer arranged for 45 student participants to watch a car accident then given a questionnaire with different phrases of hit, contacted, bumped, collided, smashed -Contacted resulted in a mean speed of 31.8 -Smashed found a mean speed of 40.5 and reported seeing broken glass when there was none

Answer 11

-Memory Contamination: mixing information with others -Memory conformity: responses given for social approval

Answer 12

-Gabbert et al (2003) found 71% of participants had mistakenly recalled an event they did not see in discussion -Compared with 0% in control group

Answer 13

-Real world application: provides insights into police interviews and expert witnesses COUNTERPOINT: film clips in lab less stressful than every day as there are no consequences so EWT more reliable Central details not affected by misleading information -Lab environment enables control of extraneous variables COUNTERPOINT: lab studies influenced by desire to be helpful (demmand characteristics)

Answer 14

Johnson and Scott (weapon focus): high anxiety knife condition led to poorer recall, tunnel theory of memory

Answer 15

Yuille and Cutshall (shooting in a gunshop): high anxiety associated with better recall when witnessing a real crime

Answer 16

Yerkes-Dodson inverted U theory suggested both low and high anxiety lead to poor recall operating in a curvilinear way

Answer 17

-Inverted U theory focuses on physical arousal and ignores cognitive influences -Unusualness not anxiety: poor recall due to unusualness (chicken and handgun) so not anxiety -Most anxious eyewitnesses at bank robbery had most accurate recall

Answer 18

-Report everything -Reinstate the context -Reverse order -Change perspective -Enhanced Cognitive interview (ECI)

Answer 19

Including even the most unimportant details to create cues to trigger important memories

Answer 20

reinstating the enviroment and emotions of the event in our minds to avoid context dependent forgetting

Answer 21

helps to prevent people's expectations of events and prevents dishonesty

Answer 22

Putting yourself in the shoes of someone else present disrupting expectations caused by the schema

Answer 23

-When to establish eye contact -Getting witness to speak slowly -Asking open ended questions

Answer 24

-Research support: CI produces 41% more accurate recall than standard interview COUNTERPOINT: increases inaccurate information (kohnken et al) -Time consuming and needs special training, CI not realisitic for police -Report everything and reinstate the context only required