Research methods

Question 1

What are ethics

Answer 1

Moral code laid down to achieve certain standards of behaviour

Question 2

Why where the ethical guidelines put in place?

Answer 2

To protect health and well-being of participants

Question 3

What are the ethic guidelines

Answer 3

Confidentiality
informed consent
debrief
deception
right to withdraw
protection from harm

Question 4

what’s a correlation

Answer 4

measure the extent of which two variables are related
(association)

Question 5

pros and cons of correlations

Answer 5

pros: quick and easy
cons: correlation does not equal causation

Question 6

what’s an extraneous variable

Answer 6

factors that affect the dv if not controlled

Question 7

what are confounding variables

Answer 7

Factors that may have already influenced the dv
eg) personality

Question 8

demand characteristics

Answer 8

any cue from researcher that the participant interprets and therefore changes their behaviour

Question 9

what is standardisation

Answer 9

using the same procedure and instructions for each participant

Question 10

what are the four types of experiments?

Answer 10

Laboratory
Field
Natural
Quasi

Question 11

what are the features of a laboratory experiment

Answer 11

Controlled conditions
Researcher manipulates iv
Control over extraneous variables
Participants randomly allocated

Question 12

what are the features of a field experiment?

Answer 12

Everyday setting
Researcher manipulates iv
Some control over extraneous variables
Participants cannot be randomly allocated

Question 13

what are the features of a natural experiment?

Answer 13

Artificial or natural setting
Iv is pre-existing, it’s a naturally occurring event
High control over extraneous variables
Participants cannot be randomly assigned

Question 14

what are the features of a quasi experiment?

Answer 14

Controlled conditions
Iv is based on pre-existing difference in people
High control over extraneous variables
Participants cannot be randomly assigned

Question 15

Pros and cons of Laboratory experiments

Answer 15

Pros: High internal validity
Cons: lacks generalisability, low external validity as it lacks realism

Question 16

What are the three types of experimental design?

Answer 16

Independent group design
Repeated measures
Matched pair design

Question 17

What is independent group design?
and evaluate plz

Answer 17

Two separate groups of participants experience two conditions
Pros : order effect is not an issue, participants less likely to guess the aim
Cons: Less economical, participants are not the same which effects the iv

Question 18

what is repeated measures?
and evaluate pls

Answer 18

All participants experience both conditions
Pros: less participant variables and less people needed
Cons: order effect can create boredom or fatigue (counterbalancing)

Question 19

What is matched pairs?
and evaluate pls

Answer 19

Participants paired on similar variables. One from each pair is allocated to a condition
Pros: no order effect
Cons: time consuming and expensive

Question 20

what is a hypothesis?

Answer 20

clear, precise statement that need to be investigated

Question 21

what is an aim?

Answer 21

General statement of the intent to investigate

Question 22

What’s a null hypothesis?

Answer 22

when the independent variable does not affect the dependent variable

Question 23

What is a questionnaire?

Answer 23

A research instrument consisting of a. series of questions for the purpose of gathering information

Question 24

pros and cons of closed questions

Answer 24

pros: quantitative data, questions are standardised (can be easily replicated), can be economical
cons: lack detail

Question 25

pros and cons of open questions

Answer 25

pros: rich qualitative data, time consuming, hard to analyse, not suitable for everyone

Question 26

what are interviews?

Answer 26

a live encounter where one person asks questions to another to asses their thoughts

Question 27

pros and cons of a structured interview

Answer 27

pros: easy to do, easy to replicate cons: not flexible, lacks detail

Question 28

pros and cons of unstructured interview

Answer 28

pros: more in-depth answers, more flexible, increased validity cons: may lie for social desirability, expensive for training, time consuming

Question 29

pros and cons of a case study

Answer 29

pros: rich data, ecological validity cons: little control over extraneous variables, small sample isn’t generalisable, researcher can get bias

Question 30

what are the5 sampling methods

Answer 30

Random Systematic Stratified Volunteer Opportunity

Question 31

What is systemic sampling?

Answer 31

when every nth member is elected from target population

Question 32

what is stratified sampling

Answer 32

Composition reflects population, broken down into starta to ensure % is the same in the sample

Question 33

what is a covert observation

Answer 33

Participants behaviour is watched without their knowledge and consent

Question 34

what is a overt observation

Answer 34

Participants behaviour is recorded with their knowledge and consent.

Question 35

What is participant observation

Answer 35

researcher becomes a member of the group they are watching

Question 36

what is a naturalist observation

Answer 36

watching behaviour in a setting which it would naturally occur