Research Methods

Question 1

Experimental design

Answer 1

How participants are allocated to experimental groups of an investigation

Question 2

Independent groups design

Answer 2

Different participants complete in each of the two conditions. Each participant take part in one condition

more participants needed

Question 3

Repeated measure designs

Answer 3

Same participants complete in each of the two conditions

less participants needed

Question 4

Matched pair design

Answer 4

Different participants completed in one condition but matched on related variables

Question 5

How is matched pairs done

Answer 5

One member of each pair is placed into a experimental group and the other into the control group

Question 6

Cyclical process

Answer 6

A series of events happens again and again in the same order

Question 7

Mundane realism

Answer 7

The degree which an experiment resembles real life situations

Question 8

Confounding variables

Answer 8

Variables apart from the IV that effected the DV

Question 9

Uncontrolled variables

Answer 9

Variables that cannot be controlled for eg.weather

Question 10

Experimental realism

Answer 10

Whether an experiment has psychological impact and feels real

Question 11

Extraneous variables

Answer 11

Variables other than the IV and DV that could influence the result

Question 12

What are uncontrolled variables?

Answer 12

Variables that can not be controlled eg. The weather

Question 13

What is a situational confounding variable?

Answer 13

a type of ev that influence the dv which could effect the iv

Question 14

What is a participant confounding variable?

Answer 14

Variables apart from the iv that have affected the dv

Question 15

What are demand characteristics?

Answer 15

Hints within a study that participants may guess the researchers hypothesis

Question 16

Lab ~ strength and weakness

Answer 16

~high control over EV
~replication

~may be artificial
~participants could prepare beforehand

Question 17

Field ~ strength and weakness

Answer 17

~higher ecological validity
~reduction in demand characteristics as they don’t know they are a part of the experiment

~less control of EV

Question 18

Natural ~strengths and weakness

Answer 18

~provide opportunities
~high ecological validity

~difficult to establish causality

Question 19

Field ~ strength and weakness

Answer 19

~higher ecological validity
~reduction in demand characteristics as they don’t know they are a part of the experiment

~less control of EV

Question 20

Quasi ~ strength and weakness

Answer 20

~often carried out under controlled conditions

~participants can not be randomly allocated

Question 21

Lab experiments

Answer 21

Define by the high level of control the researchers have (manipulate IV)

Question 22

Field experiments

Answer 22

Conducting experiments in naturalistic settings

Question 23

Natural experiments

Answer 23

Two lvl of independent variables happen without influence of researcher (rich vs poor)

Question 24

Quasi experiment

Answer 24

establish a cause-and-effect relationship between an independent and dependent variable

Question 25

Standardised procedures

Answer 25

A consistent and uniform set of instructions of methods

Question 26

Reliability

Answer 26

Being trustworthy or performing consistently well

Question 27

Internal validity

Answer 27

A study accurately identifies a causal relationship between variables

Question 28

Ecological validity

Answer 28

Findings of a study can be generalised to the real world settings mundane realism

Question 29

What are investigator effects?

Answer 29

Where the researcher acts in a way to support their prediction

Question 30

What are investigator effects?

Answer 30

Where the researcher acts in a way to support their prediction

Question 31

What is random allocation?

Answer 31

Each participant has the same opportunities to be assigned to any given group, so individual ability are less likely to affect results

Question 32

What is a standardised procedure?

Answer 32

The process in which procedures used in the research are kept the same.

Question 33

What is randomisation?

Answer 33

randomly assigning experimental subjects to avoid it having an effect on the DV. It reduces the chance of practice effects becoming a cofounding variable.

Question 34

What is a single blind test?

Answer 34

Where participants do not know which condition of a study they are in.

Question 35

What is a double blind test?

Answer 35

When neither participant nor the investigators know which condition the participants are in.

Question 36

What is meant by reliability?

Answer 36

consistent results

Question 37

What is test-retest reliability?

Answer 37

Repeat the study using the same procedures at different times and test the correlation between the two versions

Question 38

What is inter-rater reliability?

Answer 38

Two or more observers record behaviours during the same observation using the same behavioural categories. the degree of agreement among raters

Question 39

What is meant by validity?

Answer 39

how accurately a method measures what it is intended to measure

Question 40

What is meant by external validity?

Answer 40

the extent to which results from a study can be generalised to other situations

Question 41

What is meant by population validity?

Answer 41

The sample used in the study is representative of the target population

Question 42

What is meant by temporal validity?

Answer 42

Study can be generalized findings in relation to the progression of time. If the findings are still valid today.

Question 43

What is meant by construct validity?

Answer 43

the extent to which your test or measure accurately assesses what it's supposed to

Question 44

What is meant by concurrent validity?

Answer 44

a type of external validity that refers to the validity of the findings in relation to the progression of time.

Question 45

What is meant by predictive validity?

Answer 45

the ability of a test or other measurement to predict a future outcome

Question 46

What is meant by face validity?

Answer 46

whether a test appears to measure what it's supposed to measure

Question 47

How to Improve reliability?

Answer 47

Observation - improving accuracy. interviews - using constructed than unconstructed. questionnaires - use closed rather than open questions. experiments - use standardized procedures.

Question 48

co-efficient of reliability

Answer 48

Co-efficient of 0.8 or above we can assume the test is reliable