research methods

Question 1

sample

Answer 1

participants selected and used in the research that are a part of the larger group (population) or a subset

Question 2

population

Answer 2

• entire group of research interest
• the larger group
• a sample is selected from
• researcher apply (generalise) the results

Question 3

sampling procedures

Answer 3

random sampling
random stratified sampling
stratified sampling

Question 4

random sampling

Answer 4

ensures every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected to be part of the sample

Question 5

how to obtain random sample

Answer 5

obtain a sampling frame e.g electoral roll
use simple ‘lottery procedure’ e.g names out of a hat

Question 6

limitations of random sampling

Answer 6

the sample may not be representative (bc need to use law of large numbers)

Question 7

random stratified sampling

Answer 7

ensures the sample is highly representative of the population= therefore not biased. participant randomly selected from each sub groups (strata)

Question 8

stratified sampling

Answer 8

dividing population into different subgroups e.g gender, age, intelligence

Question 9

limitations of stratified/random stratified sampling

Answer 9

need a complete list of the targets populations
time consuming

Question 10

method to obtain a stratified sample

Answer 10

1. the population is broken into differnt groups based on a variable you want to control e.g age
2. individuals= selected from each group- usually in the same proportion that they appear in the population (e.g if pop. contain 20% year 9 students, then sample= include 20% of year 9 students.)
3. ensures characteristics of the poulation= captured leading to a more representative sample

Question 11

participant allocation

Answer 11

1. random allocation
2. counterbalancing

Question 12

random allocation

Answer 12

-minimise differences between groups
-every participant has an equal chance of being selected for any of the groups used

Question 13

counterbalancing

Answer 13

-use to minimise/ balance out order/ practice effect
- involves systematically changing order of treatments/tasks for p;articipants in a balanced way to counter the unwanted effects of order effect

Question 14

experimental research

Answer 14

used to assess a cause-and-effect relationship between variables under controlled conditions

Question 15

controlled variables

Answer 15

varibale= held constant in an investigation.
ensure the manipulation of the IV causes the changes in the DV

Question 16

independent variable

Answer 16

variables that are manipulated
assumed to have a direct effect on the dv

Question 17

dependent variable

Answer 17

varibale that is measured

Question 18

extraneous variable

Answer 18

any varibales other than the iv that has been identified and controlled for

Question 19

confounding variables

Answer 19

any variables other than the iv that has not been identified and controlled for

Question 20

experimental group

Answer 20

group exposed to experimetal condition (iv)

Question 21

control group

Answer 21

group that is exposed to control condition (iv is absent)

Question 22

why operationalise

Answer 22

ensure IV and DV are testable
Helps to avoid experimenter bias
allows possible reptition of the experiment

Question 23

hypothesis

Answer 23

It is hypothesised that those who are (exposed to IV) will (impact on DV) in comparison to those who have not (exposed to IV)

Question 24

betwe