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Psychology 20 IB > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

Vocabulary

1
Q

Three types of theories

A

Biological, Cognitive, Sociocultural

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2
Q

Acronym for evaluating psychological theories

A

TEACUP

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3
Q

What does teacup stand for

A

Testable, Empirical Evidence, Application, Clearly defined variables, unbiased, predicts behavior

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4
Q

Sample of population that is most studied

A

WEIRD (White, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic)

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5
Q

Sample of population that describes university students

A

YAVIS (Young, attractive, verbal, intelligent, successful)

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6
Q

Sampling bias

A

Sample is skewed so that it becomes unrepresentative of the population

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7
Q

Random sampling

A

every member of a population has an equal chance of being selected

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8
Q

opportunity sampling

A

finding participants in a pre-exsisting group

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9
Q

Snowball sampling

A

Participants recruit other participants

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10
Q

Volunteer sampling

A

participants are volunteers

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11
Q

Systemic sampling

A

Choosing an “nth” member of a population

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12
Q

Purposive sampling

A

Participants are purposefully selected

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13
Q

Stratified sampling

A

Several members of each group is selected to represent the proportion in a population

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14
Q

Time sampling

A

Observation period is divided into interval, and whether or not behavior is carried out in each interval is recorded

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15
Q

Event Sampling

A

The number of times a behavior is carried out is recorded

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16
Q

Point sampling

A

Systematically selecting points in the duration of the study and monitoring presence or absence of a behavior

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17
Q

Operationalization

A

What is being measured which is meant to represent variables

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18
Q

Standardized

A

Easily replicable and detailed procedure

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19
Q

Inductive approach

A

Data is first collected and interpreted and conclusion has many possibilities

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20
Q

Deductive approach

A

Conclusion is derived based on the data collected

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21
Q

Quantitative Research

A

Emphasis on objective measurements and statistical analysis of data

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22
Q

Qualitative research

A

Gives insight into everyday psychological experiments and produces descriptive behavior. This may have one or more research questions

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23
Q

Structured interveiw

A

Schedule is standardized, rigid structure in questions, relatively easy analysis of data

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24
Q

Semi-structured interveiw

A

Interveiw follows a schedule but questions are open ended

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25
Q

Unstructured interveiw

A

Schedule only specifies topic and time, but is very open ended with regards to content

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26
Q

Survey

A

Collects information from a large and dispersed group, often consisting of close ended questions

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27
Q

Likert scale

A

Multiple choice scale (ex. never, sometimes, often, always)

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28
Q

Focus group

A

group interveiw of participants

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29
Q

Case study

A

researcher observes behavior of unique individual or group, recording very holistic data

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30
Q

Longitudinal case study

A

Data is recorded over time, multiple times

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31
Q

Cross-sectional

A

Data is recorded once

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32
Q

Retrospective

A

Deriving results when looking back on a case study

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33
Q

Prospective

A

Experiment and data collection takes place in the present and even the future

34
Q

Limitation to case studies

A

Not all data will be recorded, susceptible to researcher bias

35
Q

Repeated measures design

A

One sample of participants undergo every condition

36
Q

Strength and limitation of repeated measures design

A

Strength: Participant variables are controlled
Limitation: More susceptible to demand characterics

37
Q

Counterbalancing

A

Different groups recieve conditions in different order

38
Q

Independent samples design

A

members of a sample is randomly allocated to one condition

39
Q

Strength and weakness of independent sample design

A

S: Order effects are controlled and demand characteristics are limited
W: Participant variability is less controlled

40
Q

Matched pairs design

A

Participants are pre-tested with regards to the variable, allowing researchers to ensure that every group then has a similar skill level

41
Q

True experiment

A

Experiment aims to determine a casual relationship (must have a control group, random allocation of participants, manipulation of variables, standardization)

42
Q

Lab experiment

A

Experiments are done in a controlled setting

43
Q

Field experiment

A

Studies are done in “the real world”

44
Q

Natural experiment

A

Researchers have no control over independent variable

45
Q

Quasi experiment

A

Participants are grouped based on similar traits

46
Q

Overt/Covert

A

Participants do and do not know that they are being observed

47
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

methods and techiniques used to summarize key features of a dataset

48
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Methods and techniques used to analyze samples to make predictions about target population

49
Q

Postive distribution

A

Skewed towards left of mean, median is less than mean

50
Q

Negative distribution

A

Skewed towards the right of mean, median is more than mean

51
Q

Internal validity

A

The extent to which the design, conduct, and analysis of an experiment is able to answer the research question without bias

52
Q

External validity

A

The extent to which findings can be generalized to other contexts

53
Q

Construct validity

A

The extent to which operationalization of variables stays true to the variable it is attempting to measure

54
Q

Ecological validity

A

The extent to which findings can be generalized to REAL LIFE settings

55
Q

Populaiton validity

A

the extent to which findings of the sample can be generalized to the population

56
Q

Method triangulation

A

Using multiple research methods or techniques in one study

57
Q

Data triangulation

A

Researchers collect multiple types and form different sources of data

58
Q

Researcher triangulation

A

Multiple researchers collect and analyze data

59
Q

Demand characteristis

A

variables that may inadvertently influence participants’ behavior and response

60
Q

Reactivity

A

Participant behaves differently due to knowing that they are being observed

61
Q

Expectancy effect

A

Participant acts in a way that favors researcher’s hypothesis

62
Q

Screw you effect

A

participant acts in a way that discredits researcher’s hypothesis

63
Q

Social desirability effect

A

Participants try to market themselves as morally upstanding

64
Q

Order effects

A

order in which conditions are carried out influences outcome

65
Q

interference effect

A

taking part in one condition influences participant’s ability to take part in another condition

66
Q

Practice effect

A

Participants do repetitive tasks across conditions and get better at the task

67
Q

Filter task

A

A task participants complete in between conditions to clear mental palette

68
Q

Double blind control

A

experimental and participants are clueless of the fact that they are in an experiment

69
Q

P-hacking

A

Using experiment to find a different relationship than intended

70
Q

Funding bias

A

Faking results so that it favors the experiment’s sponsors

71
Q

Publication bias

A

faking results in hopes of getting the study published

72
Q

Priming

A

Influencing participant behavior ahead of an experiment

73
Q

Cognitive misers

A

tendency of humans to solve problems in less effortful ways
“I don’t care” “I don’t know” “I don’t have time”

74
Q

Confounding variable

A

Variables that are correlated with both the independent and dependent variable, negatively affecting the clarity of their relationship

75
Q

Intervening variable

A

comes between the independent and dependent variable in the casual chain, helping to explain how the two can be related

76
Q

Extraneous variable

A

Variable that influences the responding variable aside from the independent variable

77
Q

Bidirectional ambiguity

A

One cannot tell which variable is independent and which is dependent

78
Q

contamination

A

unintended crossover between different experimental groups

79
Q

Acronym for describing ethics

A

CARDUD (Consent, annoynymity, right to withdraw, deception, undue stress or harm, debriefing)

80
Q

The purpose of having ethics

A

Protect participants from physical and psychological harm, which encourages participation as they are aware that their safety will be guarenteed

Psychology 20 IB (2 decks)

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