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Psychology 20 IB > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

Vocabulary

1
Q

Three types of theories

A

Biological, Cognitive, Sociocultural

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2
Q

Acronym for evaluating psychological theories

A

TEACUP

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3
Q

What does teacup stand for

A

Testable, Empirical Evidence, Application, Clearly defined variables, unbiased, predicts behavior

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4
Q

Sample of population that is most studied

A

WEIRD (White, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic)

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5
Q

Sample of population that describes university students

A

YAVIS (Young, attractive, verbal, intelligent, successful)

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6
Q

Sampling bias

A

Sample is skewed so that it becomes unrepresentative of the population

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7
Q

Random sampling

A

every member of a population has an equal chance of being selected

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8
Q

opportunity sampling

A

finding participants in a pre-exsisting group

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9
Q

Snowball sampling

A

Participants recruit other participants

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10
Q

Volunteer sampling

A

participants are volunteers

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11
Q

Systemic sampling

A

Choosing an “nth” member of a population

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12
Q

Purposive sampling

A

Participants are purposefully selected

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13
Q

Stratified sampling

A

Several members of each group is selected to represent the proportion in a population

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14
Q

Time sampling

A

Observation period is divided into interval, and whether or not behavior is carried out in each interval is recorded

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15
Q

Event Sampling

A

The number of times a behavior is carried out is recorded

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16
Q

Point sampling

A

Systematically selecting points in the duration of the study and monitoring presence or absence of a behavior

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17
Q

Operationalization

A

What is being measured which is meant to represent variables

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18
Q

Standardized

A

Easily replicable and detailed procedure

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19
Q

Inductive approach

A

Data is first collected and interpreted and conclusion has many possibilities

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20
Q

Deductive approach

A

Conclusion is derived based on the data collected

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21
Q

Quantitative Research

A

Emphasis on objective measurements and statistical analysis of data

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22
Q

Qualitative research

A

Gives insight into everyday psychological experiments and produces descriptive behavior. This may have one or more research questions

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23
Q

Structured interveiw

A

Schedule is standardized, rigid structure in questions, relatively easy analysis of data

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24
Q

Semi-structured interveiw

A

Interveiw follows a schedule but questions are open ended

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25
Unstructured interveiw
Schedule only specifies topic and time, but is very open ended with regards to content
26
Survey
Collects information from a large and dispersed group, often consisting of close ended questions
27
Likert scale
Multiple choice scale (ex. never, sometimes, often, always)
28
Focus group
group interveiw of participants
29
Case study
researcher observes behavior of unique individual or group, recording very holistic data
30
Longitudinal case study
Data is recorded over time, multiple times
31
Cross-sectional
Data is recorded once
32
Retrospective
Deriving results when looking back on a case study
33
Prospective
Experiment and data collection takes place in the present and even the future
34
Limitation to case studies
Not all data will be recorded, susceptible to researcher bias
35
Repeated measures design
One sample of participants undergo every condition
36
Strength and limitation of repeated measures design
Strength: Participant variables are controlled Limitation: More susceptible to demand characterics
37
Counterbalancing
Different groups recieve conditions in different order
38
Independent samples design
members of a sample is randomly allocated to one condition
39
Strength and weakness of independent sample design
S: Order effects are controlled and demand characteristics are limited W: Participant variability is less controlled
40
Matched pairs design
Participants are pre-tested with regards to the variable, allowing researchers to ensure that every group then has a similar skill level
41
True experiment
Experiment aims to determine a casual relationship (must have a control group, random allocation of participants, manipulation of variables, standardization)
42
Lab experiment
Experiments are done in a controlled setting
43
Field experiment
Studies are done in "the real world"
44
Natural experiment
Researchers have no control over independent variable
45
Quasi experiment
Participants are grouped based on similar traits
46
Overt/Covert
Participants do and do not know that they are being observed
47
Descriptive statistics
methods and techiniques used to summarize key features of a dataset
48
Inferential statistics
Methods and techniques used to analyze samples to make predictions about target population
49
Postive distribution
Skewed towards left of mean, median is less than mean
50
Negative distribution
Skewed towards the right of mean, median is more than mean
51
Internal validity
The extent to which the design, conduct, and analysis of an experiment is able to answer the research question without bias
52
External validity
The extent to which findings can be generalized to other contexts
53
Construct validity
The extent to which operationalization of variables stays true to the variable it is attempting to measure
54
Ecological validity
The extent to which findings can be generalized to REAL LIFE settings
55
Populaiton validity
the extent to which findings of the sample can be generalized to the population
56
Method triangulation
Using multiple research methods or techniques in one study
57
Data triangulation
Researchers collect multiple types and form different sources of data
58
Researcher triangulation
Multiple researchers collect and analyze data
59
Demand characteristis
variables that may inadvertently influence participants' behavior and response
60
Reactivity
Participant behaves differently due to knowing that they are being observed
61
Expectancy effect
Participant acts in a way that favors researcher's hypothesis
62
Screw you effect
participant acts in a way that discredits researcher's hypothesis
63
Social desirability effect
Participants try to market themselves as morally upstanding
64
Order effects
order in which conditions are carried out influences outcome
65
interference effect
taking part in one condition influences participant's ability to take part in another condition
66
Practice effect
Participants do repetitive tasks across conditions and get better at the task
67
Filter task
A task participants complete in between conditions to clear mental palette
68
Double blind control
experimental and participants are clueless of the fact that they are in an experiment
69
P-hacking
Using experiment to find a different relationship than intended
70
Funding bias
Faking results so that it favors the experiment's sponsors
71
Publication bias
faking results in hopes of getting the study published
72
Priming
Influencing participant behavior ahead of an experiment
73
Cognitive misers
tendency of humans to solve problems in less effortful ways "I don't care" "I don't know" "I don't have time"
74
Confounding variable
Variables that are correlated with both the independent and dependent variable, negatively affecting the clarity of their relationship
75
Intervening variable
comes between the independent and dependent variable in the casual chain, helping to explain how the two can be related
76
Extraneous variable
Variable that influences the responding variable aside from the independent variable
77
Bidirectional ambiguity
One cannot tell which variable is independent and which is dependent
78
contamination
unintended crossover between different experimental groups
79
Acronym for describing ethics
CARDUD (Consent, annoynymity, right to withdraw, deception, undue stress or harm, debriefing)
80
The purpose of having ethics
Protect participants from physical and psychological harm, which encourages participation as they are aware that their safety will be guarenteed

Psychology 20 IB (2 decks)

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