Research Methods

Question 1

What are the 3 Steps in the Statistical Process?

Answer 1

1) Collect Data
2) Describe & Summarize the Distribution
3) Interpret - draw general conclusion for the pop on the basis of the sample

Question 2

What is Nominal Data?

Answer 2

Mutually Exclusive groups, lack intrinsic order.

Zoning classification, social security numbers, sex.

Question 3

What is Ordinal Data?

Answer 3

Ordered implying a ranking of observations. Values are meaningless - rank is important.

Letter grades, response scales on a survey 1-5, suitability for development

Question 4

What is Interval data?

Answer 4

Data with ordered relationship where the difference between scales has meaning.

Temperature. Diff between 40 and 30 degrees is the same as 30 and 20 but 20 degrees is not twice as cold as 40 degrees.

Question 5

What is Ratio Data?

Answer 5

Gold standard of measurement. Absolute and relative difference have meaning.

Distance measurement. 40 - 30 miles is the same difference as 30-20 miles and 40 miles is twice as far as 20 miles.

Question 6

What are Quantitative Variables?

Answer 6

Variables where numerical value is meaningful.

Interval or ratio measurement.

Household income, level of pollution in river

Question 7

What are Qualitative Variables?

Answer 7

Variables where numerical value is not meaningful.

Nominal/Ordinal measurement.

Zoning classification

Question 8

What are Continuous Variables?

Answer 8

Infinite number of values.

Positive & negative.

Most measurements in physical sciences yield continuous variables.

Question 9

What are Discrete variables?

Answer 9

Finite number of distinct values.

Accidents per month - can’t be negative.

Question 10

What are Binary/dichotomous variables?

Answer 10

Special case of discrete variables which can only take on two values - 0/1 typically.

Question 11

What are Descriptive variables?

Answer 11

Describe the characteristics of the distribution of values in a population or sample.

Ex: on average, AICP test takers in 2018 are 30 years old

Question 12

What are Inferential Statistics?

Answer 12

Using probability to determine characteristics of a pop based on a sample.

Question 13

Define Distribution

Answer 13

The overall shape of observed data.

Ordered table, or histogram, or density plot

Question 14

What is the Normal or Gaussian Distribution?

Answer 14

the bell curve.

Distribution is symmetric. The spread around the mean can be related to the proportion of observations.

More specifically, 95% of the observations that follow a normal distribution are within two standard deviations from the mean

Question 15

What is the Symmetric distribution?

Answer 15

equal number of observations are below and above the mean

Question 16

What is a Central tendency?

Answer 16

Typical or representative value for the distribution of observed values

Question 17

What is the Coefficient of Variation?

Answer 17

the relative dispersion from the mean by taking the standard deviation and dividing by the mean.

Question 18

What is a z-score?

Answer 18

This is a standardization of the original variable by subtracting the mean and dividing by the standard deviation.

The z-score in effect transforms the original measure into standard deviation units.

Question 19

What is the inter-quartile range or IQR.?

Answer 19

Alternative measure of dispersion.

Breaks things into quartiles.

This is visualized in a box plot (also called box and whiskers plot).

Question 20

What is the confidence interval?

Answer 20

this constitutes a range around the sample statistic that contains the population statistic with a given level of confidence, typically 95% or 99%.

Question 21

Define Standard Deviation

Answer 21

A measure of how much the data in a certain collection are scattered around the mean. A low standard deviation means that the data are tightly clustered; a high standard deviation means that they are widely scattered. There are two common formulas used for standard deviation, both yielding the same result.

Question 22

Define Variance

Answer 22

The square of the standard deviation. It is a mathematical expectation of the average squared deviations from the mean. The formula is the same as that for the standard deviation except the “s” variable is squared, and no square root function is performed.

Question 23

What is a t-test?

Answer 23

allows us to compare the means of two groups and determine how likely the difference between the two means occurred by chance.

Question 24

What is the correlated t-test?

Answer 24

concerned with the difference between the average scores of a single sample of individuals who is assessed at two different times (“before” vs. “after”) or on two different measures. The measures must be correlated (co-related), and so it can also compare average scores of samples of individuals who are paired in some way (i.e. parent-child).

Question 25

What is an ANOVA and what does it stand for?

Answer 25

An extension of the t-test. It stands for Analysis of Variance. It allows a composite view of data by assuming that by placing variable x into groups, a better understanding of variable y will be found. o ANOVA identifies the relationship between two variables. o The x variable is always nominal o The y variable is always interval * Mathematically, a line is expressed as y = Mx + b

Question 25

What is the independent t-test?

Answer 25

compares the averages of two samples that are selected independently of each other. Independent t-tests come in “equal variance” and “unequal variance” flavors, but these go beyond the scope of this work.

Question 26

Define Correlation

Answer 26

measures the strength of the relationship between variables or the degree to which two variables are correlated (co-related). It is used to demonstrate relationships between situations and/or actors, even disparate ones (think apples and oranges). The test is linear.

Question 27

Define Regression

Answer 27

a statistical test of the effect one variable (condition/actor) has on another while holding all other conditions constant. This test is also linear. If there is no correlation, there is no need to utilize a regression test. Regression allows us to predict the value of one variable give the value of the other, or explore the relationships between variables. o There is always one dependent variable (y) in regression. o In simple regression, there is only one independent variable. The formula for simple regression is y=b0+b1x1. o In multiple regression, there are two or more independent variables. Multiple regression simply extends simple regression y=b0+b1x1.+b2x2+ … bnxn. o Regression answers one or more of these questions: . What is the association between x and y? . How can changes in y be explained by changes in x? . What are the functional relationships between y and x? o Beware of false relationships! Correlation and regression can be used to “prove” that fire trucks cause house fires (if there is a house fire, there are likely fire trucks).

Question 28

A properly selected statistical sample of a large population will always?

Answer 28

A) Reduce the amount of effort required to ascertain characteristics of the population. B) Provide a mathematical estimate of the accuracy of the calculated population characteristics. C) Be the unbiased sample of the entire population. D) Be of adequate size to satisfy confidence criteria if a pre-sample was used to determine the required sample size. The correct answer is “B”.

Question 29

What is the range of the numbers 5, 10, 20, 30?

Answer 29

A) 5 B) 10 C) 25 D) 30 The correct answer is C)

Question 30

An age group in the 85th percentile:

Answer 30

A) has 15% of the population below it B) has 85% of the population below it C) is in the interquartile range D) is in the median range The correct answer is B) The 85th percentile of a set of individuals indicates that 85% of the individuals in the set are younger.

Question 31

What is the variable x in the equation Y=(x)?

Answer 31

A) dependent variable B) dependent sample C) independent variable D) function The correct answer is C) X is the independent variable; Y is the dependent variable.

Question 32

What are the two basic types of statistical groupings?

Answer 32

A) frequency and mode B) ordinate and inordinate C) quantitative and qualitative D) X and Y The correct answer is C) Quantitative groups variables into ordered class intervals; qualitative groups variables into disparate categories.

Question 33

What is a curve generated as the result of a quadratic equation called?

Answer 33

A) a parabola B) a variable C) discrete data D) none of the above The correct answer is A) The equation of a parabola is: y=ax2+bx+c.

Question 34

The Department of Economic Opportunity wants to assess the quality of comprehensive plans for the twelve largest counties in Florida before and after the 2011 legislative changes in state oversight of growth management. The technique that would most likely be used is called:

Answer 34

A) Central tendency B) Fournier Analysis C) Meta-analysis D) Monte-Carlo Method The correct answer is C) Meta-analysis is a powerful tool when used appropriately to provide valuable insights into plan performance by making scores comparable across various plan quality characteristics,

Question 35

Surveying by social media runs the risk of:

Answer 35

(A) Sampling error (B) Sample bias (C) Systematic bias (D) Exclusion error The correct answer is “B”

Question 36

Bias in statistics:

Answer 36

(A) Can be due to choosing random data for statistical analysis (B) Can be minimized by increasing the size of the sample (C) Can be caused by faulty design or deficient execution of the sampling process (D) Is a consequence of the fact that sample size is much less when compared to the population size The correct answer is “C”

Question 37

What is the population project technique that allocates a projected population expansion to subregional areas called?

Answer 37

A) demographic approach B) input-output approach C) shift-share approach D) marketing approach The correct answer is C)

Question 38

Location quotient equals which of the following?

Answer 38

A) the ratio of total local employment of an industry to that industry nationally B) the ratio of total national employment of an industry to that industry locally C) the ratio of total number of local industries to that industry nationally D) the ratio of total number of national industries to that industry locally The correct answer is A) Location quotients are used to determine the ratio of total local employment of a specific industry to that of the industry on a national basis.

Question 39

Which analysis would generate results indicating the community's population cohorts?

Answer 39

A) analysis of housing supply B) analysis of housing demand C) analysis of housing need D) analysis of subsidy program availability The correct answer is B) Population statistics is a key component of an analysis of housing demand.

Question 40

The dissimilarity index:

Answer 40

(A) Measures the genetic diversity between two species used to determine whether two species constitute one or two discrete species. (B) Is a census-related term that measures the relative separation or integration of groups across all neighborhoods of a city or metropolitan area (C) Is a statistical term that measures the degree of separation between two data sets (D) Is the inverse of the correlation coefficient The correct answer is “B” The index of dissimilarity is a demographic measure of the evenness with which two groups are distributed across component geographic areas that make up a larger area. The index score can also be interpreted as the percentage of one of the two groups included in the calculation that would have to move to different geographic areas in order to produce a distribution that matches that of the larger area.

Question 41

What is the smallest census geographic unit with 100% tabulation of data?

Answer 41

(A) Consolidated MSA (B) Census Tract (C) Census Block (D) Place The correct answer is “C”