Research Methods Flashcards

(37 cards)

1
Q

What is a null hypothesis

A

A hypothesis that predicts no relationship

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2
Q

What is an alternative hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis that predicts there will be a difference

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3
Q

What is the two types of directional hypothesis?

A

Directional/one tailed hypothesis
Non-directional/2 tailed hypothesis

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4
Q

What is a directional/one tailed hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis that has a direction in which the results are expected to go (score more/complete quicker)

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5
Q

What is a non-directional/2 tailed hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis that states a difference but no direction (there will be a difference)

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6
Q

What is meant by operationalisation of variables?

A

Operationalised means to have clear measurements of what and how ,so the study can be repeated

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7
Q

What are extraneous variables?

A

Additional or unwanted variables which are identified before the study and where possible, controlled or removed

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8
Q

What are confounding variables?

A

Variables which changed the IV, usually identified after the study or can’t be controlled

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9
Q

What is the procedure of independent groups design?

A

Participants only take part of one condition of the experiment

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10
Q

What is the procedure of repeated measures experimental design?

A

All participants take part in all conditions of the experiment

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11
Q

What is the procedure of matched pears experimental design?

A

Pair of participants are matched in terms of key variables, e.g.Age, socioeconomic status.
One member of each pair is placed into the experiment group and the other into the control group

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12
Q

What are some strengths and limitations of the independent groups design?

A

Strengths:
1)order effects cannot be observed
2) data collection will be less time consuming

Limitations:
1) different participants for each condition – difficult/expensive
2) risk of participant variables (individual differences between participants)

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13
Q

What are some strengths and limitations of repeated measures experimental design?

A

Strengths:
1) results won’t be subject to participant variables, the IV will affect the DV
2) extra participants don’t need to be recruited

Limitations:
1) risk of observing order effects (practice/fatigue) demand characteristics
2) if participant drops out data will be lost from all conditions

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14
Q

Strengths and limitations of match pairs experimental design

A

Strengths:
1) order effects not observed
2) reduces risk of participant variables

Limitations:
1) recruit for each condition – difficult/expensive
2) matching is a complex process, will be difficult to match participants identically

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15
Q

What is a sample?

A

A group of people who take part and research from the target population, will be proportional to the target population

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16
Q

Description of the random sampling technique

A

Gives every member of the target population and equal chance of being selected for the sample

17
Q

Description of the systematic sampling technique

A

Researchers select members of the population at a regular interval, determined in advance (Nth)

18
Q

Description of stratified sampling technique

A

Classifying the target population into categories and then choosing a sample which consists of participants from each category in the same proportions as they are in the target population

19
Q

Describe the opportunity sampling technique

A

Participants who are both accessible and willing to take part are targeted

20
Q

Describe the volunteer sampling technique

A

Sample consists of people who have self-selected themselves to be in the study

21
Q

Description of laboratory experimental method

A

Performed in a controlled environment using standardised procedures with participants randomly allocated to groups

22
Q

Description of field experimental method

A

Occur in real world settings. The IV is still manipulated by the experimenter and as many variables as possible are controlled

23
Q

Description of the natural experimental method

A

The IV Vories naturally. The experimenter does not manipulate it but simply measures the effect on the DV.

24
Q

Description of the quasi experimental method

A

The IV occurs naturally. The experimenter is unable to change the IV or randomly allocate the participants to conditions.

25
Strengths and limitations of laboratory experimental method
Strengths: 1) high control, easy to replicate 2) high control able to establish cause and effect Limitation: 1) low ecological validity 2) participants likely to display the main characteristics
26
Strengths and limitations of field experimental method
Strength: 1) high ecological validity 2) chance of demand characteristics reduced Limitations: 1) cannot control extraneous variables 2) participants might not be aware they are taking part: ethical issues
27
Strengths and limitations of natural experimental method
Strengths: 1) give researchers opportunity to study variables that can’t be manipulated 2) chance of demand characteristics reduced Limitations: 1) must wait for situations to naturally occur 2) cannot control extraneous variables
28
Strengths and limitations of quasi experimental method
Strengths: 1) gives researchers opportunity to study variables that can’t be manipulated 2) some control over extraneous variables Limitations: 1) must wait for IV to naturally occur 2) maybe difficult to recruit participants
29
To maintain ethics, we must do this by …
Respecting the WIC Withdrawal Informed consent Confidentiality
30
To maintain ethics, we must avoid… We do this by …
Avoid the DD’s Deception Distress (harm) We do this by debriefing
31
What is primary / secondary data?
Primary data: original data collected specifically by the researcher firsthand from participants Secondary data: indirectly gathered from other sources, e.g.past research, government data, data within an organisation
32
What is meta analysis?
Data gathered from a large number of studies is analyse and collected to draw an overall conclusion
33
What is standard deviation?
A measure of how disperse the data is in relation of that mean
34
What are tables to represent data? When are they used?
-Present summarise quantitative data – Shows statistics – Must have a title, variables must be operationalised
35
What are scattergrams? When are they used?
– Use with a correlational research method, what’s the relationship between two co-variables? – Line best fit – Two axis
36
What are bar charts? when are they used?
– Used with experimental methods, comparing differences between groups (category course/discrete data) – IV plotted on X axis, DV plotted on Y axis – Bar should be separate to show we are dealing with separate conditions
37
What are histograms? When are they used?
– Used with experimental methods but with continuous data e.g. Height. –Bars should touch