Research Methods

Question 1

What makes a good PCR primer?

Answer 1

High GC content G or C at both ends

Question 2

What does western blotting analyze?

Answer 2

proteins

Question 3

what type of enzyme is used in southern blotting?

Answer 3

restriction endonuclease

Question 4

Desolvation

Answer 4

removal/dissociation of the solvent, drying out the sample

Question 5

Elution

Answer 5

extraction of one material from another via washing can require addition of a buffer to prevent from pH damage from the wash

Question 6

SDS-PAGE is also known as

Answer 6

gel electrophoresis

Question 7

SDS-PAGE separates macromolecules by _____

Answer 7

size (and/or charge)

Question 8

Gas chromatography separates gas molecules by ______

Answer 8

affinity

Question 9

Mass spectrometry measures the _____ of _________

Answer 9

size

1 molecule

Question 10

TLC separates molecules by _____

Answer 10

affinity/polarity

stationary phase - polar

mobile phase - nonpolar

Question 11

Western blotting uses ______ to visualize proteins

Answer 11

antibodies they recognize the antigens on the surface of the proteins

Question 12

the goal of IR spectroscopy is to determine __________ ______ within a sample

Answer 12

functional groups

Question 13

IR works by….

Answer 13

hitting with IR beam and measuring the vibration states of the bonds

Question 14

Diatomic molecules will give ____ _______ in IR because they do not have a ______

Answer 14

no signal dipole

Question 15

NMR =

Answer 15

nuclear magnetic resonance

Question 16

Reverse-phase chromatography

Answer 16

same as TLC except mobile phase is polar // stationary nonpolar

Question 17

column chromatography

Answer 17

seaparates sample in column by polarity

stationary = polar (silica) gel/powder

mobile = nonpolar

Question 18

Ion-exchange chromatography

Answer 18

separates sample by charge

stationary = charged beads in column

mobile = nonpolar

Question 19

size-exclusion chromatography

Answer 19

separates sample by size

stationary = polar, porous beads in column

mobile = nonpolar

small molecules end up trapped in pores and elute slower

Question 20

affinity chromatography

Answer 20

used to purify a molecule of interest

stationary = beads coated with antibody or receptor for target molecule

mobile = nonpolar

Question 21

gas chromatography (GC)

Answer 21

separates gas compounds

stationary = crushed metal/polymer

mobile = inert gas

Question 22

HPLC chromatography

Answer 22

essentially column, but more precise

stationary = small column with concentration gradient

mobile = nonpolar

Question 23

simple distillation

Answer 23

separate 2 liquids with boiling points

below 150C

25C apart

Question 24

vacuum distillation

Answer 24

for liquid with boiling point above 150C

(lower pressure = lower BP instead of degrading product)

Question 25

What is the wavenumber: C–H?

Answer 25

2800-3000

slightly raised if connected to alkene, alkyne, or aromatic

slightly lower if connected to carbonyl of aldehyde

Question 26

What is the wavenumber: C–C?

Answer 26

1200

Question 27

What is the wavenumber: C==C?

Answer 27

1645

Question 28

What is the wavenumber: C=triple bond=C?

Answer 28

2200

Question 29

What is the wavenumber: aromatic C–C?

Answer 29

1475-1625

Question 30

What is the wavenumber: ether C–O?

Answer 30

1050-1150

Question 31

What is the wavenumber: C==O?

aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids

Answer 31

1700-1750

Question 32

What is the wavenumber: O–H?

carboxylic acids

Answer 32

2800 - 3200

Question 33

What is the wavenumber: N–H?

amines

What is the wavenumber: O–H?

alcohols

Answer 33

3100-3500

Question 34

UV spectroscopy is most useful for studying compounds containing ________ and _________

Answer 34

double bonds & lone pairs

Question 36

Galvanic cells

Answer 36

negative delta G = spontaneous

half cells connected by apparatus/salt bridge allowing for flow of electrons

Question 37

Electrolytic cells

Answer 37

positive delta G = nonspontaneous

electrical energy induces rxn

in one container