Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psychology > research methods and statistics > Flashcards

research methods and statistics Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two categories self-report can be split into?

A

interview and questionnaire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is self-report research method?

A

asking paticipants about topic personally for their own report

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

self-report strengths

A

researchers can obtain participant’s beliefs, emotions and experiences that they could not observe. high validity, more representative of behaviour being measured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

self-report weaknesses

A

social desirability bias so pps could lie to give researchers what the pps think they want, lacks validity. data often not generalisable so not representative of full population, not reliable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

structured interview

A

pre-set q’s with fixed responses-high reliability but q’s might not be asked in the same way causing lack of consistency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

semi-structured interview

A

pre set q’s but no fixed responses- high reliability but open to interpreter bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

unstructured interview

A

no fixed questions or answers- high validity but open to social desirability bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

questionnaires

A

often contains several items to draw information from pps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

pilot study

A

small-scale preliminary version of study, primary of questionnaires

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

pilot study reasons

A

check question clarity, check sample method for representativity, check questions are universally understandable, no leading questions, check questions aren’t upsetting to pps, ensure format has enough room

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

open-ended questions

A

invite pps to describe and explain providing qualitative data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

closed questions

A

provide pps with a limited choice of answers to collect quantitative data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

likert scales

A

pps given a scale of several options and must pick the option they agree with most, not just a rating scale but still quantitative data but not reliable as numbers can be interpreted differently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

rating scales

A

allow pps to express preferences using numbers but not reliable as numbers can be interpreted differently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

experiments

A

manipulation of variables to create ways to measure factors affecting behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

laboratory experiment

A

-manipulated iv and measured dv
-controlled variables
-artificial enviro/task
-allocation of pps to groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

field experiment

A

-manipulated iv and measured dv
-controlled variables
-natural enviro/task
-allocation of pps to groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

natural experiment

A

-natural iv and measured dv
-no control of variables
-natural enviro/task
-no allocation of pps to groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

quasi experiment

A

-natural iv and measured dv
-controlled variables
-artificial enviro/task
-no allocation of pps to groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

independent measures

A

variable being manipulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

dependent measures

A

variable being measured for results

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

operationalising variables

A

defining in very specific terms the variables being tested so that the iv is definitely the cause of the effect (dv)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

independent measures design

A

pps only take part in one condition of the experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

repeated measures design

A

pps take part in all conditions

25
factors affecting repeated measures design
task order interferes with pps performance due to practice from previous tasks or fatigue
26
correlation
measures relationship between variables
27
positive correlation
as one variable increases, so does the other
28
negative correlation
as one variable increases, the other decreases
29
zero correlation
no relationship between variables
30
example one-tailed hypothesis
there will be significantly more of variable a observed than variable b
31
example two-tailed hypothesis
there will be a significant relationship between variable a and variable b
32
example null hypothesis
there will be no significant relationship between variable a and variable b and any relationships observed with be up to chance
33
strengths of correlation
-can be used in place of experimental manipulation that would otherwise be unethical or impossible -when only one variable is known, the other variable score can be predicted
34
weaknesses of correlation
-cannot predict cause and effect -relationship may be affected by extraneous variables
35
observation
process of watching and recording pps behaviours
36
overt observations
pps know they are being watched
37
covert observations
pps don't know they are being observed during the research
38
participant observation
researcher is involved and participating in the research
39
non-participant observation
researcher is not part of activity or group or behaviour being observed
40
structured observation
some variables controlled by the researcher and usually carried out in lab conditions
41
naturalistic observation
pps watched in their natural environment and behaviour recorded as it happens without manipulation
42
observation behaviour sampling techniques
researcher must decide intervals at which behaviours will be recorded and what specific behaviours will be recorded which can yield qual and quant data
43
observation time sampling
recording set behaviour at set time intervals
44
observation event sampling
recording every instance of specific behaviour every time it happens rather than at specified instances
45
content analysis
allows analyzing of written communication such as lengthy texts which can be broken down into manageable units of data so it can be converted into qualitative or quantitative data
46
content analysis strengths
reductionist as it converts complex text into numbers and standardised so more reliable
47
content analysis weaknesses
open to researcher bias so they might only utilise data that aligns with hypothesis and qualitative data can be interpreted differently
48
case study
studies singular pps or small groups looking at unique characteristics and behaviours
49
case study strengths
allow in depth investigation and triangulation of various data forms and allow unique, one-off situations so pps can be better protected from harm
50
case study weaknesses
only generalisable to specific individuals and often effected by desirability bias
51
longitudinal research
investigation of the same group of pps behaviours on numerous occasions over an extended period of time
52
longitudinal research strengths
ind diff removed as confounding variable is measured so high validity. good way of showing how ind behaviours develop over time
53
longitudinal research weaknesses
pps often drop out of the research over time making data less consistent. open to interpreter bias as relationships can form over the long periods
54
cross sectional research
collection of a variety of types of pps at a single moment in time to compare development amongst different ppl. often used to assess cultural or background
55
cross sectional research strengths
take into account a wide range of diff pps at one moment in time so high pop val. easier to control variables due to being carried out in a single moment in time so more valid
56
cross sectional research weaknesses
affected by ind diff in the diff groups of ppl. difficult to replicate due to wide range of pps so low reliability
57
meta analysis
a review of secondary data, not a study itself
58
meta analysis strengths
allows many different sources to be used so more holistic. does not create ethical issues so doesn't harm pps because there are none directly
59
meta analysis weaknesses
open to researcher bias as they could just only use the studies that support their hypothesis. no direct control over how previous research was conducted

Psychology (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions