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Psychology - Research Methods > Research Methods And Techniques > Flashcards

Research Methods And Techniques Flashcards

1
Q

Lab experiment

A

An experiment which is carried out in controlled settings
IV is manipulated to see effect on DV
EV’s are controlled for - matched pairs design eg
Ppts are randomly allocated to conditions
Ppts experience something for the purpose of the study

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2
Q

Field experiment

A

Carried out in natural environment
Realistic - more ecological validity
EV’s can’t be controlled for

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3
Q

Quasi experiment

A

Where the IV occurs naturally or is already established but can’t be manipulated (gender)

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4
Q

Observation

A

Observing behaviour and then recording it

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5
Q

Structured observation

A

Where a researchers makes a structure on the observation to meet its aim

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6
Q

Unstructured observation

A

Researchers records everything that happens

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7
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Carried out in the real world

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8
Q

Controlled observation

A

Controls al factors which might affect behaviour

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9
Q

Participant observation

A

Where the observers are part of, or are pretending to be part of the group they are observing

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10
Q

Non participant observation

A

Where the observer isn’t a member of the group being studied

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11
Q

Overt observation

A

When participants know they are being observed

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12
Q

Covert observation

A

Ppts don’t know they are being observed

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13
Q

Self-report

A

Where ppts provide data about themselves

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14
Q

Interview

A

Ppts are asked questions face to face and their responses are recorded

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15
Q

Structured interview

A

Where the same set of questions is asked to each ppt in the same order

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16
Q

Semi structured interview

A

Interviewer has a list of questions but ppts can ask for clarification of particular answers or responses

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17
Q

Unstructed interview

A

When the researcher asks random questions

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18
Q

Questionnaire

A

Sets of questions answered by ppts

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19
Q

Structured questionnaire

A

Contains closed questions

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20
Q

Semi structured questionnaire

A

Contains open and closed questions

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21
Q

Unstructured questionnaire

A

Contains open questions

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22
Q

Correlational studies

A

Researcher tests to see if two variables are related

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23
Q

Positive correlation

A

As one variable increases, the other one does too

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24
Q

Negative correlation

A

As one variable increases, the other one decreases

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25
Q

No correlation

A

No relationship between the variables

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26
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

The strength of a correlation

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27
Q

IV

A

aspect of experiment which is manipulated to see effect on behaviour

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28
Q

DV

A

The measure of behaviour in an experiment

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29
Q

Design

A

The procedure used to control the influence of participant variables in an experiment

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30
Q

Extraneous variables

A

An undesirable variable which might affect the relationship between the IV and the DV

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31
Q

Conditions

A

The situation under which an experiment is undertaken

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32
Q

Controls

A

Aspects of the research which are kept the same for each condition

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33
Q

Standardised procedure

A

A procedure which has controls to ensure each ppt experiences the same thing

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34
Q

Ecological validity

A

Where the research is true to life

35
Q

Demand characteristics

A

Cues to the research aim

36
Q

Internal validity

A

When researcher is measuring what it intended to measure

37
Q

Confounding variables

A

Extraneous variables that haven’t been controlled for

38
Q

Social desirability bias

A

Ppts try and look good in front of the researcher

39
Q

Leading questions

A

Questions which lead ppts to answer in a certain way

40
Q

Qualitative data

A

Data in the form of words

41
Q

Quantitative data

A

Data in the form of numbers

42
Q

Open questions

A

Allows respondents to respond how they like

43
Q

Closed questions

A

Gives the respondent a fixed range of responses to choose fro,

44
Q

Experiment

A

Tests taken in controlled conditions in order to investigate the effect of the IV on the DV

45
Q

Strengths of a laboratory experiment

A

High internal validity as EV’s are controlled for

Standardised instructions so everyone is treated the same - can be repeated to check for reliability

46
Q

Weaknesses of a laboratory experiment

A

Low ecological validity as in artificial setting

Demand characteristics are likely so ppts might act differently

47
Q

Strengths of a field experiment

A

High ecological validity
Less demand characteristics as ppts don’t know they are in a study
Behaviour is likely to be true

48
Q

Weaknesses of a field experiment

A

Low internal validity as more likely to be EVs
Lack of informed consent
Lack of control so hard to say if it was the IV actually influencing behaviour

49
Q

Strengths of a quasi experiment

A

They can be used to study real world issues

Behaviour is accurate as ppts are in their artificial setting

50
Q

Weaknesses of a quasi experiment

A

EV’s are hard to control for
Hard to repeat
No control over participant variables

51
Q

Similarities between lab and field experiment

A

Establish a cause and effect relationship
Useful in psychological research
IV is manipulated to see effect on DV

52
Q

Differences between lab and field experiment

A

High/low ecological validity
carried out in real world/controlled settings
High internal validity/low internal validity
Control over EV’s/no control over EV’s

53
Q

Similarities between field and quasi experiment

A

High ecological validity
EV’s are hard to control for
Hard to repeat

54
Q

Differences between field and quasi

A

IV is manipulated/IV isn’t manipulated

Field isn’t very controlled

55
Q

Differences between lab and quasi

A 
Lab 
IV is manipulated 
Low EV 
EV's are controlled for
Can be repeated
Quasi 
Can't be repeated 
IV already exists
56
Q

Advantage of naturalistic observation

A

Can see normal realistic behaviour

57
Q

Disadvantage of naturalistic observation

A

Lack of control means other things may be influencing behaviour

58
Q

Disadvantage of a controlled observation

A

Situation is artificial/fake so behaviour might be affected

59
Q

Advantage of controlled observation

A

Very controlled so less chance of EV’s

60
Q

Advantage of participant observation

A

Good point of view for your observations

Good insight into the experience yourself

61
Q

Disadvantage of participant observation

A

Presence may change ppts behaviour

Researcher could become too involved with the group so might be bias

62
Q

Advantage of non participant observation

A

Researcher wouldn’t be bias

63
Q

Disadvantage of non-participant observation

A

Wouldn’t have the same level of insight as you would if you were involved

64
Q

Advantage of unstructured observation

A

Get a lot of data as researcher records everything

65
Q

Disadvantage of unstructured observation

A

Difficult to summarise and make comparisons

Too much going on so observation isn’t successful

66
Q

Advantage of structured observation

A

Comparisons can be made across each observation and trends can be seen

67
Q

Disadvantage of structured observation

A

Once you start writing down observations, you might miss something

68
Q

Advantage of covert observation

A

See natural behaviour so data is valid

69
Q

Disadvantage of covert observation

A

Ethical issues arise as researcher doesn’t have consent

70
Q

Advantage of overt

A

Participants have given consent so it is ethical

71
Q

Disadvantage of overt

A

Ppts might respond to demand characteristics or social desirability bias

72
Q

Advantage of questionnaires

A

Enable a big amount of data to be gathered from a large sample very quickly

73
Q

Disadvantage of questionnaires

A

Questions may be misunderstood so researchers need to spend time wording questions

74
Q

Advantage of structured interview

A

Easy to gather quantitative data so results can be compared

75
Q

Disadvantage of structured interview

A

Ppts can’t explain their answers fully

Lack of EV as not a natural activity

76
Q

Advantage of unstructed interview

A

Has EV as it is more like a conversation

77
Q

Disadvantage of unstructured interview

A

Data is hard to summarise as so much is discussed so hard to analyse

78
Q

Advantage of semi structured interview

A

Both types of data is collected

Ppts may feel like it is more trustworthy

79
Q

Advantages of Correlational investigations

A

Allows researchers to measure a relationship between variables which can’t be measured using an experiment
Useful when testing for reliability as can be repeated
Quick and easy

80
Q

Disadvantages of Correlational investigations

A

Correlation doesn’t mean cause, just cos 2 variables are correlated doesn’t mean that one of them caused the other to change - doesn’t show cause an effect

81
Q

Case studies

A

Research which focuses on one individual or a small group of people

82
Q

Advantages of case studies

A

Useful for gaining In depth eyesight into unusual behaviour

83
Q

Disadvantages of case studies

A

Can’t be generalised to the wider population

Psychology - Research Methods (6 decks)

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