research methods interim Flashcards
what is a non-directional hypothesis
there will be a difference between…
what is a directional hypothesis
stating the outcome
what its a null hypothesis
where there is no relationship between the two variables being tested
what type of test does a nondirectional hypothesis create
two tailed test
what type of test does a directional hypothesis create
one tailed test
when should a nondirectional hypothesis be used
when there is no previous research
what are the 6 types of observations
covert, overt, naturalistically, controlled, participant, non-participant
what is a positive and negative of using covert observations
positive = reduces demand characteristics negative = no consent
what is a positive and negative of using overt observations
positive = consent given negative = high chance of demand characteristics
what is a positive and negative of using naturalistic observations
positive = high eco validity negative = high risk of confounding variables
what is a positive and negative of using controlled observations
positive = reduce of confounding variables negative = low eco validity
what is a positive and negative of using participant observations
positive = better insight into behaviours negative = details not recorded accurately
what is a positive of using non participant observations
positive = record details as they happen negative = less insight into behaviour
what is event sampling
where an observer records the number of times a behaviour occurs
what is time sampling
where an observer records behaviour at a certain interval
what are the two ways to assess reliability
test retest, inter-rater reliability
what is test retest
giving participants the same test on different occasions too see if the results obtained are the same
what is inter-rater reliability
different researchers observe the same behaviour independently to see if they gain the same conclusions
what are the ways of improving reliability
operationalising behavioural categories, training
define face validity
whether it looks like it is measuring what out sweet out to measure
what is concurrent validity
compares the method being used against a previously validated method
what is ecological validity
whether results can be generalised to real life settings
what is temporal validity
whether the results match the progress of time
ways of improving validity
lab experiments - standardised
questionnaires - anonymous
observations - covert, operationalised behavioural catgeroires
