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AS Psychology > Research Methods: Key Terms > Flashcards

Research Methods: Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Case Studies

A

an in depth investigation often of a single individual, event or small group

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2
Q

Interval Data

A

numerical data that is ordered and in objective units

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3
Q

Ordinal Data

A

numerical data that is ordered but subjective, difference between items need not be the same

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4
Q

Nominal Data

A

data separated into categories

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5
Q

Standard Deviation

A

measure of spread of data around mean, calculates average distance from mean of all scores

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6
Q

Correlation Coefficients

A

a numerical representation of a correlation, range from -1 (strong negative correlation) to +1 (strong positive correlation)

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7
Q

Covariables

A

the variables that are measured in a correlation

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8
Q

Correlation

A

the measurement of a relationship between 2 or more variables shows a relationship not the causation

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9
Q

Interviewer Bias

A

where expectations or opinions of interviewer interferes with judgement of interviewee

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10
Q

Self Report Techniques

A

research methods in which ps give info about themselves (without researcher interference)

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11
Q

Social Desirability Bias

A

participants answer qs in a manner that will be viewed favourably by others

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12
Q

Structured Interview

A

made up of pre determined set of qs asked in fixed order, standardised

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13
Q

Investigator Effects

A

when the investigator directly or indirectly has an effect on a ps performance

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14
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

when a subject picks up cues during an experiment therefore possibly affecting + altering the results

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15
Q

Mundane Realism

A

whether or not task ps are asked to do represent something they would experience and do in real life

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16
Q

Internal Validity

A

concerns things that go on whithin a study that may affect accuracy

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17
Q

Ecological Validity

A

concerns whether results can be generalised to other settings

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18
Q

Temporal Validity

A

concerns whether results can be generalised to other times

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19
Q

Population Validity

A

concerns whether results can be generalised to other people

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20
Q

External Validity

A

concerns whether results can be generalised to different situations

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21
Q

Quasi Experiment

A

IV is naturally occuring + is impossible to manipulate, cant be randomly assigned to experimental + control groups

22
Q

Natural Experiment

A

conducted when not possible, ethically or practically, to manipulate IV. DV can be tested in a lab

23
Q

Field Experiment

A

controlled experiment conducted outside a lab, IV is manipulated but difficult to control extraneous + confounding variables, ps unaware, cause + effect inferred

24
Q

Lab Experiment

A

an experiment carried out in a controlled setting, ps are aware, variables carefully controlled, artificial materials, cause + effect are established

25
Q

Volunteer Sampling

A

advertise in newspaper/notice board or internet, variety of ps, volunteer bias: have more time, are helpful, need money

26
Q

Systematic Sampling

A

using predetermined system to select participants, same number has to be applied consistently unbiased, only truly unbiased if use random method to come up with number

27
Q

Stratified Sampling

A

subgroups are identified within a population and participants are obtained from each strata in proportion to their occurence in the population, selection using random, representative, time consuming

28
Q

Opportunity Sampling

A

select people who are most easily available, easy, biased

29
Q

Random Sampling

A

random technique, every member of target population has equal chance, may take time

30
Q

Confounding Variable

A

variables that arent IV but varies systematically with IV, can stop from establishing cause + effect

31
Q

Extraneous Variable

A

variables that change other than IV and are quite difficult to control, they make it difficult to detect a significant effect

32
Q

Pilot Study

A

small scale practice run of study to identify problems in design, method or analysis

33
Q

Standardisation

A

everything said must be scripted in advance to ensure fairness across conditions

34
Q

Matched Pairs Design

A

two equal groups used, one for each condition with the ps matched based on key variables

35
Q

Repeated Measures Design

A

only one group of ps is used for both conditions of the experiment

36
Q

Independent Groups Design

A

a separate group of ps for each condition of the experiment

37
Q

Experimental Design

A

how the ps are picked to stop other things interfering with results

38
Q

Null Hypothesis

A

states that there will be no difference between the 2 conditions in the experiment

39
Q

Non Directional Hypothesis

A

a hypothesis that states there would be a difference between the 2 conditions but wouldnt specify the direction it would go

40
Q

Directional Hypothesis

A

a hypothesis that indicates which direction the results will go

41
Q

Operationalism

A

strictly defining the variables into measurable factors

42
Q

Dependent Variable (DV)

A

what you measure in an experiment

43
Q

Independent Variable (IV)

A

what you change in an experiment

44
Q

Aim

A

starts with ‘to investigate/to establish’

45
Q

Cost Benefit Analysis

A

a balance between the best interests of the ps and the value of the research

46
Q

Controlled Observation

A

behaviour is observed under conditions where certain variables have been organised by the researcher

47
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

it takes place in an everyday setting with no interference

48
Q

Overt Observation

A

the ps are aware they are being studied

49
Q

Covert Observation

A

it is kept secret from the ps that they are being studied

50
Q

Participant Observation

A

the observations are being made by someone who is also participating in the activity being observed

51
Q

Non-Participant Observation

A

the observer is separate from the people being observed

AS Psychology (22 decks)

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