Research methods next steps Flashcards

Question

Aim

Answer 1

general statements that describe the purpose of an investigation, developed from theories

Answer 2

testable statements which predicts the outcome at the start of a study

Answer 3

the research makes clear anticipation of experimental outcome, used when there is sufficient evidence displaying a particular outcome

Answer 4

states that there is a difference between conditions but the nature of the difference is not specified, used when there are limited or mixed findings

Answer 5

predicts no significant difference between conditions

Answer 6

predicts a significant difference between conditions

Answer 7

ensuring variables can be well measured/tested, to establish cause and effect

Answer 8

Independent variable: variable that is changed Dependent variable: variable that is measured Extraneous variable: any variables that might potentially interfere with the IV Confounding variables: A type of EV, related to the IV and can have an impact on the DV.

Answer 9

Laboratory, Field, Natural, Quasi

Answer 10

conducted in a room/lab setting where variables are well controlled by the researcher high control over variables, so clear cause and effect, so high internal validity standardised procedures, so easy to replicate lack ecological validity due to high control, artificial environment demand characteristics - awareness of experiment’s aim

Answer 11

IV is manipulated in a natural, everyday environment high mundane realism and ecological validity due to natural environment. less likely to have demand characteristics as participants unaware they’re in an experiment loss of control over CVs and EVs. ethical issues when participants are unaware of the experiment

Answer 12

researcher does not have control over the IV, but the effect is still measured necessary cannot manipulate IV due to practical/ethical reasons high external validity: involving real-world issues and problems. naturally occurring events might be rare, making it difficult to generalise difficult to identify causation when IV cannot be manipulated.

Answer 13

based on an existing difference between people, not manipulated by anyone carried out under controlled conditions - shares some strengths of a lab experiment difficult to infer causation

Answer 14

Independent groups, repeated measures, matched pairs

Answer 15

two+ separate groups of participants experience different conditions. two levels of IV: only experimental and control condition. order effects prevented when participants only participate in one condition. demand characteristics also prevented because participants only experience one condition CVs and EVs affecting the results, due to individual differences time and money-consuming.

Answer 16

all participants experience both conditions of the experiment. individual differences are controlled. fewer participants needed order effects: same group of participants participate in two conditions (can be prevented by counterbalancing) demand characteristics

Answer 17

participants put into pairs based on specific similarities (e.g IQ), and the pairs are split into the two different conditions to make the groups as similar as possible better than independent groups at controlling participant variables and minimising individual differences. time-consuming and expensive. extremely difficult to fully eliminate individual differences.

Answer 18

a tendency for participants to present themselves in a generally favourable light.

Answer 19

undesired influence of the investigator on the research outcome

Answer 20

Expectancy effect Unconscious bias Leading questions

Answer 21

one’s behaviour is affected by how they expected the outcome will be

Answer 22

subjective decisions and judgements made by the investigators

Answer 23

asking questions that guide participants to answer in specific ways

Answer 24

the use of chance methods to reduce unconscious bias and therefore investigator effects

Answer 25

all participants are subjected to the same environment, information, and experience, minimising evs

Answer 26

Stratified, systematic, opportunity, volunteer, random

Answer 27

Reflects the sub-groups of the target population, researchers identify the different strata that make up the population, and work out the proportions needed for the sample to be representative. Representative as they accurately reflect the population There could still be individual differences within each sub-group, this means that it is extremely unlikely for a sample to be fully representative

Answer 28

All members of the target population have an equal chance of being selected, sample is selected using chance methods Potentially unbiased by minimising the decisions made by researchers. Minimise the effects of extraneous and confounding variables on results, increases internal validity Can be time-consuming and difficult to create a list of the entire target population. Might not be representative Some might refuse to take part, which again makes a fully random approach difficult.

Answer 29

Every nth member of the target population is selected A sampling frame will be created, (a list of people in the target population) Objective and minimising researcher bias Similar to random sampling, can be time-consuming and difficult

Answer 30

Participants selecting themselves to be part of the sample Convenient, saves time and money Participants tend to be more engaged, providing richer results for the research. Demand characteristics Might also be less representative as it can attract people of certain social groups

Answer 31

Participants are selected by whoever happens to be willing and available. Convenient, saves time and money Sample can be unrepresentative of the target population as it is normally drawn from a specific area It can also be unrepresentative due to researcher bias

Research methods next steps Flashcards

(55 cards)