Research Methods Non-Experimental

Question 1

How many different types of observation are there?

Answer 1

8

Question 2

What types of observation involve the environment 🍃

Answer 2

Naturalistic - less control more ecological validity

Controlled- pps know studied in a lab.

Question 3

What 2 observation types involve level of awareness 👀

Answer 3

Overt- pp aware of observation,
ethically good but demand characteristics

Covert- po not aware of observation

Question 4

What types of observation involve where observer is 🌳

Answer 4

Participant- observer joins oblivious group
Subjectivity increases, high external validity

Non-Participant- watch from a distance

Question 5

What types of observation involve what you record 📈

Answer 5

Structured- know what to look for

Unstructured- record all behaviour with no system
Very holistic, takes a long time to

Question 6

What are operationalised behavioural categories?

Answer 6

A specific behaviour to be viewed recorded in a tally

Question 7

What is a sampling method?

Answer 7

How the data is collected

Question 8

What is event sampling?

Answer 8

Record every time a SPECIFIC behaviour occurs

Oversimplifies behaviour

Question 9

What is time 🕰️ sampling?

Answer 9

Record every behaviour in a certain time window

May miss behaviour not in time window

Question 10

What’s the advantage of a questionnaire?

Answer 10

Easy to replicate
Distribute to a lot of people

Question 11

What are the disadvantages of questionnaires?

Answer 11

Social desirability bias

Anonymity means difficult to tell the truth from lies

Question 12

What are open questions?

Answer 12

Qualitative can give your own answer in words

Not restrictive but difficult to analyse

Question 13

What are closed questions?

Answer 13

Quantitative yes or no questions

Easy to analyse but restrictive

Question 14

How to write good questionnaires?

Answer 14

No jargon (complicating term)
No leading questions
Appropriate language

Question 15

What is an interview?

Answer 15

Face to face 🧎🏻‍♂️‍➡️🧎🏼‍♀️interaction

Question 16

Advantages of interviews?

Answer 16

✅ better knowledge if interviewee is truthful. (via body language etc)

Question 17

Disadvantages of interviews?

Answer 17

Interviewer bias - eg ugly Professor Jones

Question 18

What are the three types of interviews?

Answer 18

Structured
Unstructured
Semi-structured

Question 19

What is the difference between structured and unstructured interviews?

Answer 19

Structured- list of predetermined questions asked in order so REPLICABLE NOMOTHETIC

Unstructured opposite so UNREPLICABLE IDIOGRAPHIC

Question 20

What is a case study 📖?

Answer 20

Detailed analysis of an individual or small group of people

Question 21

Advantages of case studies?

Answer 21

Rich detail on unusual data 📊

Used to support/challenge other research 🔬

Question 22

Disadvantages of case studies?

Answer 22

Researcher bias (subjective)
Little population validity
Not replicable

Question 23

What is content analysis?

Answer 23

Turning qualitative data to quantitative by creating coding units to then tally up frequency of

Question 24

What did we do in class to do with content analysis?

Answer 24

Tesco shopping list to assume stuff about person

Question 25

What is thematic analysis?

Answer 25

Same as content analysis BUT no pre-planned categories only EMERGENT CATEGORIES

Question 26

What is a correlation?

Answer 26

Analysis if there is a relationship between co-variables

Question 27

What is a correlation coefficient?

Answer 27

Number between -1 and 1 that tells the strength and direction of the correlation

Question 28

With hypothesis for correlation what do we NOT do?

Answer 28

Put the word difference Instead put positive/negative correlation or just correlation

Question 29

What is meta analysis?

Answer 29

The lazy route … basically google … so COMBINING results from previous studies

Question 30

To do with meta analysis: What is quantitative analysis?

Answer 30

Doing a stats test on the numerical data to get an EFFECT SIZE

Question 31

To do with meta analysis: What is a qualitative review?

Answer 31

Discussing conclusions of the other studies

Question 32

What are the advs and disadvs of meta analysis?

Answer 32

Adv: use secondary data = less ethical loopholes for you Disadv: not know if accurate

Question 33

Example of meta analysis?

Answer 33

Good old Freud: ———————— Fisher & Greenberg. To see if psychoanalysis actually works as a therapy. IT DOES.