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psychology y13 > research methods p2 > Flashcards

research methods p2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is reliability

A

a measure of consistency

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2
Q

what are common measuring devices used in psychology

A

psychological tests, observations and questionnaires

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3
Q

how are psychological tests found to be reliable

A

using the same design, procedures and measurements

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4
Q

what is internal reliability

A

consistency within itself

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5
Q

what is external reliability

A

measures/ consistency from one use to another

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6
Q

what are the three ways of assessing reliability

A

test rest, split half and inter-observer reliability

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7
Q

what is the test-retest method

A

using the same test or questionnaire to same person in different occasions

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8
Q

what are examples of tests using the test retest method

A

psychometric tests, questionnaires

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9
Q

why should there be sufficient timing between the test and retest

A

to ensure previous answers are recalled but not too long to the point attitudes are changed

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10
Q

which researcher used the test retest method

A

beck et al
- studied response of 26 patients. found correlation of 0.93 a week apart
-able to successfully diagnose depression

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11
Q

what is a disadvantage of the test retest method

A

time consuming to obtain the results

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12
Q

what is inter observer reliability

A

when different interpretations of behaviours observed can form subjectiveness and bias

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13
Q

why is a pilot study used in inter observer reliability

A

to ensure that observers are applying behavioural categories

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14
Q

what does the split half method assess

A

internal consistency

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15
Q

what is the procedure of the split half method

A

compare results of one half of test with other half
if both show similar results, suggests the test has internal reliability

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16
Q

where is the split half method mainly effective

A

in large questionnaires

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17
Q

where would split half methods not be suitable

A

tests that measure different constructs

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18
Q

what are the ways of improving reliability

A

through the questionnaires, interviews, experiments and observations

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19
Q

how can questionnaires be used to improve reliability

A

through the test retest method

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20
Q

what will take place if the questionnaire produce low levels of reliability

A

some items may need to be rewritten or deselected

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21
Q

what is the best way of ensuring reliability in interviews

A

by using the same interviewer every time

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22
Q

what interviews are less likely to be reliable

A

unstructured and free flowing interviews

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23
Q

why are lab experiments seen as reliable

A

they have control over many aspects of procedures

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24
Q

what helps to improve reliability in terms of experiments

A

standardisation of materials, instructions and procedures

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25
how can the reliability of observations be improved
operationalising the behavioural categories
26
what is validity
how genuine the measurement is
27
what is the key to confidence of only the IV affecting the DV in an experiment
controlling extraneous variables
27
what is internal validity
whether the effects observed in an experiment are due to manipulating the IV
28
what is external validity
results that can be generalised beyond the study
28
what is a confounding variable
an extraneous variable that has not been controlled and varies systematically with the IV
29
what are the two types of external validity
ecological and temporal validity
30
what is ecological validity
extent to which findings can be generalised to beyond real life situations
30
what is mundane realism
tasks that are like an everyday task
31
what is temporal validity
extent to which findings can be generalised to other historical eras
32
what are the three ways to assess validity
face validity, concurrent validity and predictive validity
33
what is face validity
other people eyeballing a study and giving their opinion
34
what people should be used for face validity
people who have an interest in the test
35
what is concurrent validity
when results formed are close to an established test
36
what is predictive validity
assessing a study's internal validitythrough the prediction of later performances in the test
37
how can experiments improve validity
- control group: assessing whether changes in DV are due to effect in IV - standardised procedures: minimises demand characteristics - single blind procedure: participants unaware of study's aims - double blind: investigator doesn't know main purpose, reduces investigator effects
38
how can observations improve validity
-covert observations: behaviour is more natural and authentic -broad and ambiguous behavioural categories: validity of data collected has negative impact
39
how can questionnaires improve validity
using a lie scale: assesses consistency for social desirability bias - keeping all data anonymous
40
how can qualitative methods improve validity
- including direct quotes from participants - triangulation: use of number of different sources as evidence
41
what is peer review
assessment of scientific work by experts in the same field
42
what is the result of peer review
increases the quality of the study
43
when does peer review take place
when a piece of research is submitted to an academic journal for publication
44
what is the procedure of peer review
carefully work through research, examine any flaws
45
what is effect of examining flaws in peer research
prevents incorrect data from becoming available for consumption
46
what are the two types of functions for the process of peer review
- technical function - subjective function
47
what is a technical function
ensuring the science is sound
48
what is a subjective function
ensuring the science is interesting and ground breaking
49
what is the effect of independent peer evaluation
determines if the research proposal will receive funding
50
what are the three outcomes of peer review
- research is approved and put forward for publication -amendments or improvements suggested - work is inappropriate for publication and can be withdrawn
51
what is the issues associated with peer review
- introduces bias: male dominated research funding committees - favouring publication of positive results: publication bias -institutional bias -peer review is a conservative process
52
what is a theory
a set of general laws or principles
53
what is falsifiability
the possibility of data being proven false
54
who devised the theory of falsifiability
karl popper
55
what is concluded from theories that survive the most attempts to be falsified
strongest theory
56
what is the hypothetico deductive method
starting from a theory and using that to generate a hypothesis
57
how is theory construction tested
gathering evidence via direct observation (empirical method)
58
what is deduction
the process of deriving new hypotheses from existing theories
59
what is induction
hypothesis is proposed and tested first before theory is constructed
60
what is the role of hypothesis testing
making clear and precise predictions on the basis of theories
61
what is an essential component of a theory
scientifically testing it
62
why is the cycle of reviewing, refining and testing repeated numerous times
ensures the strength and quality of the hypothesis
63
what is objectivity
unbiased and factual ideas, not affected by beliefs
64
what does objectivity tend to produce
quantitative data and standardised instructions
65
what is objectivity the basis of
the empirical method
66
what is replicability
the extent to which scientific procedures and findings can be repeated by other researchers
67
what does replicability focus more on
more on reliability rather than validity
68
what is a paradigm
a set of shared assumptions and agreed methods within a scientific discipline
69
when does a paradigm shift occur
as a result of a scientific revolution

psychology y13 (10 decks)

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