Research strategies and validity

Question 1

describe individual variables without a relationship between them

Answer 1

descriptive research studies

Question 2

what type of research gives you a snapshot

Answer 2

descriptive

Question 3

Describes individual variables (rather than a relationship between
variables)

Answer 3

descriptive research strategy

Question 4

which research strategy measures two variables for each individual

Answer 4

correlational research

Question 5

what three research strategies are used to compare two or more sets of scores

Answer 5

1. experimental
2. quasi-experimental
3. nonexperimental

Question 6

Answers cause-and-effect questions about the relationship between two
variables

Answer 6

experimental

Question 7

Almost, but not quite, experiments—can never produce an unambiguous
explanation

Answer 7

quasi experimental

Question 8

Demonstrates a relationship between variables—does not attempt to
explain it

Answer 8

nonexperimental

Question 9

what type of design examines the association between variables

Answer 9

correlational

Question 10

what type of design has some researcher manipulation, but does not have random assignment to conditions

Answer 10

quasi-experimental

Question 11

what is the typical reason a quasi-experimental design is used

Answer 11

participants cannot be separated randomly because the groups are some innate characteristic that cannot be changed (i.e. separated by gender or ethnicity etc)

Question 12

research strategy that examines individual variables

Answer 12

descriptive

Question 13

strategy that examines relationships between variables by measuring two or more variables for each participant

Answer 13

correlational

Question 14

strategies that examine relationships between variables by comparing two or more groups of scores

Answer 14

experimental, quasi experimental, and nonexperimental

Question 15

what is the purpose of a descriptive design

Answer 15

produce a description of individual variables as they exist
within a specific group

Question 16

what is the purpose of a correlational design

Answer 16

produce a description of the relationship between two
variables but do not attempt to explain the relationship

Question 17

what is the purpose of an experimental design

Answer 17

produce a cause-and-effect explanation for the relationship
between two variables

Question 18

what is the purpose of a quasiexperimental design

Answer 18

Attempt to produce a cause-and-effect explanation but fall
short

Question 19

what is the purpose of a nonexperimental design

Answer 19

produce a description of the relationship between two
variables but do not attempt to explain the relationship

Question 20

truth in the study

Answer 20

internal validity

Question 21

truth in real life

Answer 21

external validity

Question 22

what threatens validity

Answer 22

Any factor that generates doubts about the accuracy of the results or
raises questions about the interpretation of the results

Question 23

what are the three categories of threats to external validity

Answer 23

1. generalising across participants or subjects
2. generalising across features of a study
3. generalising across features of the measures

Question 24

selection bias, overutilisation of college students, and participant characteristics are examples of what kind of threat to external validity

Answer 24

generalising across participants or subjects

Question 25

novelty effects, multiple treatment interference and experimenter characteristics are examples of why type of threat to external validity

Answer 25

generalising across features of a study

Question 26

sensitisation and time of measurement are examples of what kind of threat to external validity

Answer 26

generalising across features of the measures

Question 27

Any variables in a research study other than the specific variables being studied

Answer 27

extraneous variables

Question 28

what are the six potential threats to internal validity

Answer 28

1. maturation 2. history 3. regression to the mean 4. attrition 5. testing 6. instrumentation

Question 29

what are maturation threats

Answer 29

a change in behaviour that emergences spontaneously with time that is natural. biological or psychological

Question 30

An external event affects most members of the treatment group at the same time as the treatment

Answer 30

historical threats

Question 31

A statistical concept in which extremely low or extremely high performance at Time 1 is likely to be less extreme at Time 2 (i.e., closer to average)

Answer 31

regression to the mean

Question 32

what is attrition

Answer 32

a reduction in participant numbers

Question 33

When the very act of completing a test influences future responses

Answer 33

testing threats

Question 34

what are instrumentation threats

Answer 34

when a measuring instrument changes over time. may be from different observers, or adjusted criteria to better match what is being tested

Question 35

an external factor that may influence or distort measurements

Answer 35

artifact

Question 36

something that happens in animals is “natural” and humans are being “unnatural.” This is not always true, but people often believe it to be.

Answer 36

naturalistic fallacy

Question 37

what are novelty effects

Answer 37

stressed participants, people who are new to it react differently from those who have experienced the study or similar before

Question 38

you get too focused on the manipulation and emphasize it too much, resulting in skewed results

Answer 38

overemphasized manipulation

Question 39

what is multiple treatment interference

Answer 39

if you do the same study on someone over and over again, they can be fatigued or practiced, both will change the study

Question 40

consistently measuring the relationship between two variables and showing that the two variables always change with each other

Answer 40

covariance

Question 41

what is temporal precedence

Answer 41

the variable happens before another one - you know which variable happened first (someone takes dance classes, then you measure their emotional body perception) to measure them

Question 42

in ____ research, internal validity is unimportant, external validity is immensely important

Answer 42

descriptive

Question 43

in ____ research, external validity is very important, you’re not manipulating anything, but you still need to ensure you are measuring what you think you’re measuring and have some degree of internal validity

Answer 43

correlational

Question 44

in _____ research, your internal validity is very important, but your external variability is degraded by the lab setting

Answer 44

experimental