RESEARCH STUDIES FINAL EXAM Flashcards by Robbert Freddrick

What is the primary purpose of business research?
A) To decrease business performance
B) To mobilize decision-makers to take appropriate actions
C) To implement business strategies
D) To increase market competition

B) To mobilize decision-makers to take appropriate actions

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What is the main driver behind business research?
A) Business Tactics
B) Organizational Mission
C) Market Trends
D) Technological Advances

B) Organizational Mission

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When should research not be conducted?
A) When information can improve decision-making
B) When there are insufficient resources
C) When the information supports a critical decision
D) When business goals are unclear

B) When there are insufficient resources

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Which type of study aims to describe characteristics of a phenomenon?
A) Predictive
B) Descriptive
C) Explanatory
D) Reporting

B) Descriptive

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What kind of study attempts to forecast future outcomes?
A) Descriptive
B) Predictive
C) Explanatory
D) Reporting

B) Predictive

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Which of the following is an ethical violation in research?
A) Breaking confidentiality
B) Explaining participant rights
C) Obtaining informed consent
D) Do no harm

A) Breaking confidentiality

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What ethical principle emphasizes avoiding harm to participants?
A) Independent Variable
B) Dependent Variable
C) Do no harm
D) Informed Consent

C) Do no harm

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Which of the following is a synonym for an independent variable (IV)?
A) Criterion
B) Response
C) Predictor
D) Consequence

C) Predictor

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What is an extraneous variable (EV)?
A) The main cause in an experiment
B) A variable that is measured as an outcome
C) An uncontrolled variable that can affect results
D) A hypothesis variable

C) An uncontrolled variable that can affect results

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What role do hypotheses play in research?
A) They eliminate data collection
B) They provide a framework for conclusions
C) They restrict research designs
D) They replace the need for variables

B) They provide a framework for conclusions

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Which type of reasoning uses specific observations to form general conclusions?
A) Deductive Reasoning
B) Hypothetical Reasoning
C) Inductive Reasoning
D) Descriptive Reasoning

C) Inductive Reasoning

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What is the first stage of the research process?
A) Data Analysis & Interpretation
B) Proposing Research
C) Clarifying the Research Question
D) Reporting the Results

C) Clarifying the Research Question

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In which stage is a legally-binding contract typically established?
A) Clarifying the Research Question
B) Proposing Research
C) Designing the Research
D) Data Collection

B) Proposing Research

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Which of the following is a primary data source?
A) Textbooks
B) Internal Records
C) Encyclopedias
D) Bibliographies

B) Internal Records

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What is a characteristic of tertiary sources?
A) They provide firsthand data
B) They include interviews
C) They compile information from primary and secondary sources
D) They include laws and memos

C) They compile information from primary and secondary sources

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What type of study design has a loose structure and develops hypotheses?
A) Formal Study
B) Exploratory Study
C) Ex Post Facto Study
D) Experimental Study

B) Exploratory Study

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Which research design involves manipulation of one or more variables?
A) Descriptive Study
B) Experimental Study
C) Cross-sectional Study
D) Longitudinal Study

B) Experimental Study

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Which sampling method involves selecting participants based on ease of access?
A) Simple Random Sampling
B) Stratified Sampling
C) Convenience Sampling
D) Cluster Sampling

C) Convenience Sampling

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Which type of sampling is characterized by participants recommending others?
A) Purposive Sampling
B) Quota Sampling
C) Snowball Sampling
D) Judgment Sampling

C) Snowball Sampling

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Which of these is an example of a self-administered survey?
A) Telephone Interview
B) Online Questionnaire
C) Focus Group
D) Personal Interview

B) Online Questionnaire

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What is the main disadvantage of using laboratory experiments?
A) Inability to manipulate variables
B) High cost
C) Artificiality of the setting
D) Inability to replicate results

C) Artificiality of the setting

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What scale measures data by classification only?
A) Interval
B) Ratio
C) Nominal
D) Ordinal

C) Nominal

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Which scale includes a true zero point?
A) Nominal
B) Ordinal
C) Interval
D) Ratio

Ratio

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What section of a research report contains a summary for busy executives?
A) Abstract/Executive Summary
B) Methodology
C) Results
D) Appendices

A) Abstract/Executive Summary

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Which part of the research report provides additional but non-essential information? A) Front Matter B) Body C) End Matter D) Executive Summary

C) End Matter

What does business research aim to maximize? A) Organizational Tactics B) Business Goals C) Business Performance D) Market Competition

C) Business Performance

Which of the following is not a driver of business research? A) Organizational Mission B) Business Strategies C) Personal Goals D) Business Tactics

C) Personal Goals

Which of the following is an example of violating research ethics? A) Explaining study benefits B) Misrepresenting results C) Obtaining informed consent D) Providing confidentiality

B) Misrepresenting results

Which ethical principle ensures participants understand the risks involved? A) Do no harm B) Explain participant rights C) Misrepresenting results D) Padded invoices

B) Explain participant rights

Which variable is also known as the 'presumed cause'? A) Dependent Variable B) Extraneous Variable C) Independent Variable D) Controlled Variable

C) Independent Variable

What is a dependent variable also called? A) Criterion B) Predictor C) Antecedent D) Stimulus

A) Criterion

Which type of study focuses on explaining reasons behind phenomena? A) Descriptive B) Predictive C) Explanatory D) Reporting

C) Explanatory

A study that forecasts future outcomes is called: A) Explanatory B) Reporting C) Descriptive D) Predictive

D) Predictive

Which is not a role of a hypothesis in research? A) Guides the study's direction B) Limits data collection C) Identifies relevant facts D) Provides a research design framework

B) Limits data collection

Deductive reasoning moves from: A) Specific to General B) General to Specific C) Theory to Hypothesis D) Hypothesis to Theory

B) General to Specific

What happens during Stage 4 of the research process? A) Clarifying the research question B) Data Analysis & Interpretation C) Proposing Research D) Data Collection & Preparation

D) Data Collection & Preparation

Which step in the research process involves final reporting? A) Stage 3 B) Stage 4 C) Stage 5 D) Stage 6

D) Stage 6

What type of research design begins with hypotheses and uses precise procedures? A) Exploratory Study B) Ex Post Facto Study C) Formal Study D) Cross-Sectional Study

C) Formal Study

A study that manipulates variables to observe outcomes is called: A) Descriptive Study B) Experimental Study C) Ex Post Facto Study D) Longitudinal Study

B) Experimental Study

Which sampling method ensures each population element has an equal chance of selection? A) Convenience Sampling B) Simple Random Sampling C) Snowball Sampling D) Quota Sampling

B) Simple Random Sampling

Which sampling design is most efficient for analyzing subgroups? A) Systematic Sampling B) Cluster Sampling C) Stratified Sampling D) Judgment Sampling

C) Stratified Sampling

Which survey method is typically the most cost-effective? A) Personal Interview B) Web-Based Survey C) Telephone Interview D) Focus Group

B) Web-Based Survey

Which data collection method is best for observing natural behaviors? A) Structured Interview B) Mechanical/Digital Observation C) Focus Group D) Self-Administered Survey

B) Mechanical/Digital Observation

Which scale includes both classification and order? A) Nominal B) Ordinal C) Interval D) Ratio

B) Ordinal

A Likert Scale is used to measure: A) Preferences B) Categories C) Opinions and Attitudes D) Numerical Data

C) Opinions and Attitudes

What part of a research report contains conclusions and recommendations? A) Front Matter B) Abstract C) Body D) End Matter

C) Body

Which section of the report typically includes charts and additional data? A) Executive Summary B) Technical Appendix C) Research Overview D) Methodology

B) Technical Appendix

Which of the following is NOT a type of study? A) Reporting B) Explanatory C) Descriptive D) Critical

D) Critical

Which type of study aims to explain relationships and reasons behind events? A) Reporting B) Explanatory C) Descriptive D) Predictive

B) Explanatory

What type of ethical violation involves misleading participants? A) Padded invoices B) Misrepresenting results C) Deceiving participants D) Breaking confidentiality

C) Deceiving participants

Which is considered an ethical violation? A) Explaining study benefits B) Breaking confidentiality C) Obtaining informed consent D) Providing full disclosure

B) Breaking confidentiality

Which ethical principle emphasizes avoiding harm to participants? A) Explain study benefits B) Do no harm C) Deceive participants D) Break confidentiality

B) Do no harm

What must be obtained to ensure participants understand study risks? A) Informed consent B) Padded invoices C) Misrepresented results D) Disclosure agreement

A) Informed consent

Which term is synonymous with an independent variable? A) Criterion B) Response C) Predictor D) Consequence

C) Predictor

Which term refers to a dependent variable? A) Stimulus B) Antecedent C) Criterion D) Manipulated

C) Criterion

What is the primary function of an extraneous variable? A) To serve as a predictor B) To be the main effect C) To interfere with the relationship between IV and DV D) To act as a criterion

C) To interfere with the relationship between IV and DV

Which of these is NOT a role of a hypothesis? A) Guide the study direction B) Provide framework for conclusions C) Suggest a research design D) Collect raw data

D) Collect raw data

What is the main purpose of the scientific method? A) To prove a hypothesis B) To explore random ideas C) To systematically investigate phenomena D) To collect data only

C) To systematically investigate phenomena

Deductive reasoning moves from: A) General to Specific B) Specific to General C) Observation to Theory D) Data to Hypothesis

A) General to Specific

Inductive reasoning involves: A) Developing a theory from general principles B) Using specific observations to form general conclusions C) Testing a specific hypothesis D) Collecting data to disprove a theory

B) Using specific observations to form general conclusions

Which is the first stage of the research process? A) Proposing Research B) Designing the Research C) Clarifying the Research Question D) Data Collection

C) Clarifying the Research Question

What is the primary goal of clarifying the research question? A) Identifying the management dilemma B) Collecting raw data C) Writing the final report D) Choosing a hypothesis

A) Identifying the management dilemma

A research proposal typically includes: A) A list of participants B) Timing, budgets, and extent C) Only the research hypothesis D) The conclusion of the study

B) Timing, budgets, and extent

What is the purpose of research design? A) To analyze data B) To write conclusions C) To provide a blueprint for the study D) To generate raw data

C) To provide a blueprint for the study

Which of the following is a primary data source? A) Textbooks B) Internal records C) Newspapers D) Encyclopedias

B) Internal records

Which of these is a secondary source of information? A) Speeches B) Internal records C) Textbooks D) Letters

C) Textbooks

What factor is NOT considered when evaluating information sources? A) Authority B) Format C) Audience D) Opinion

D) Opinion

Which of the following best defines research design? A) A plan for conducting a study B) A type of data analysis C) A research hypothesis D) A literature review

A) A plan for conducting a study

Which study type has a loose structure? A) Exploratory B) Formal C) Cross-sectional D) Experimental

A) Exploratory

How many participants are typically in a focus group? A) 2-4 B) 6-10 C) 15-20 D) 20-30

B) 6-10

Which study examines data at a single point in time? A) Longitudinal B) Cross-sectional C) Experimental D) Explanatory

B) Cross-sectional

Descriptive studies primarily aim to: A) Explain relationships B) Describe characteristics C) Predict outcomes D) Manipulate variables

B) Describe characteristics

What is a key feature of an experiment? A) Loose structure B) Manipulation of variables C) Reporting only D) Lack of control group

B) Manipulation of variables

Qualitative research primarily focuses on: A) Numbers and statistics B) Understanding meanings and experiences C) Testing hypotheses D) Manipulating variables

B) Understanding meanings and experiences

Quantitative research is best suited for: A) Theory building B) Describing experiences C) Theory testing D) Open-ended responses

C) Theory testing

Which of the following is a type of non-probability sampling? A) Simple random sampling B) Stratified sampling C) Purposive sampling D) Cluster sampling

C) Purposive sampling

The interview question hierarchy progresses from: A) Broad to Specific B) Specific to Broad C) Closed to Open-ended D) Random to Structured

A) Broad to Specific

Which interview format has a predefined set of questions? A) Unstructured B) Semi-structured C) Structured D) Open-ended

C) Structured

In which observer-participant relationship is the observer's presence unknown? A) Direct B) Indirect C) Known D) Unknown

D) Unknown

Which method uses technology to record behavior? A) Structured interview B) Focus groups C) Mechanical observation D) Unstructured interview

C) Mechanical observation

What is required to establish causal evidence? A) Agreement between IV and DV B) Random data collection C) Open-ended questions D) Focus group discussions

A) Agreement between IV and DV

Which is an advantage of experiments? A) Artificiality of labs B) Ability to manipulate IV C) Non-representative samples D) High cost

B) Ability to manipulate IV

Internal validity refers to: A) Generalizability of results B) Control over extraneous variables C) Replication of results D) Cost of the study

B) Control over extraneous variables

In an after-only case study, measurements are taken: A) Before and after treatment B) Only before treatment C) Only after treatment D) At random intervals

C) Only after treatment

What is a characteristic of a one-group pretest-posttest design? A) No control group B) Random assignment C) Multiple groups D) Only posttest measurements

A) No control group

What differentiates a pretest-posttest control group design? A) No pretest measurement B) Only one group C) Random assignment with a control group D) No posttest measurement

C) Random assignment with a control group

What is a key feature of a posttest-only control group design? A) No pretest B) Pretest and posttest C) Only one group D) Non-random assignment

A) No pretest

Which is a common source of error in research? A) Exact measurements B) Interviewer bias C) Random assignment D) Control groups

B) Interviewer bias

Which is an example of a self-administered survey? A) Telephone interview B) Online questionnaire C) Face-to-face interview D) Focus group

B) Online questionnaire

Which of the following is a type of web-based survey service? A) Telephone survey B) Fee-based service C) Focus group D) Face-to-face interview

B) Fee-based service

Which level of measurement includes both order and a true zero point? A) Nominal B) Ordinal C) Interval D) Ratio

D) Ratio

Which of the following is an example of nominal data? A) Height in centimeters B) Customer satisfaction rating C) Types of fruit D) Temperature in Celsius

C) Types of fruit

A balanced scale provides: A) More positive options B) An equal number of positive and negative options C) Only negative options D) No neutral option

B) An equal number of positive and negative options

In a forced-choice question, respondents: A) Can skip the question B) Must choose an answer C) Can select multiple answers D) Provide open-ended responses

B) Must choose an answer

What is a common number of points on a Likert scale? A) 2 B) 3 C) 5 D) 10

C) 5

A dichotomous scale typically has how many options? A) Two B) Three C) Five D) Seven

A) Two

In a single-response scale, respondents: A) Select one answer B) Select multiple answers C) Write an open-ended response D) Rank their answers

A) Select one answer

In a multiple-response scale, respondents: A) Choose only one option B) Can choose more than one option C) Rank their answers D) Provide a written response

B) Can choose more than one option

A Likert scale is commonly used to measure: A) Yes/No responses B) Levels of agreement C) Numerical data D) Open-ended feedback

B) Levels of agreement

In a constant sum scale, respondents: A) Assign points to various options B) Choose only one option C) Provide a yes/no answer D) Rank options

A) Assign points to various options

In a paired comparison scale, respondents: A) Compare two items at a time B) Assign points to items C) Select multiple options D) Provide open-ended feedback

A) Compare two items at a time

What should be considered when determining question content? A) Participant's willingness to answer B) Researcher's opinion C) Length of the survey D) Number of questions

A) Participant's willingness to answer

Effective question wording should be: A) Ambiguous B) Clear and concise C) Complex D) Long and detailed

B) Clear and concise

Open-ended questions allow respondents to: A) Select predefined options B) Provide detailed answers in their own words C) Rank items D) Assign numerical values

B) Provide detailed answers in their own words

What is a sampling frame? A) The entire population B) A list of elements in the population C) A subset of the population D) A complete count of the population

B) A list of elements in the population

The funnel approach starts with: A) Specific questions B) Broad questions C) Open-ended questions D) Dichotomous questions

B) Broad questions

Which is an advantage of sampling? A) Higher cost B) Greater accuracy C) Time-consuming D) Larger population

B) Greater accuracy

Which of these is a probability sampling method? A) Convenience sampling B) Judgment sampling C) Stratified sampling D) Snowball sampling

C) Stratified sampling

When should you use a larger sample? A) When the population is small B) When greater precision is needed C) When time is limited D) When resources are limited

B) When greater precision is needed

What happens if a sampling frame is incorrect? A) Increases accuracy B) Reduces errors C) Introduces bias D) Improves validity

C) Introduces bias

What is a key characteristic of simple random sampling? A) Selection based on judgment B) Every element has an equal chance of selection C) Selection based on convenience D) Selection based on quotas

B) Every element has an equal chance of selection

In systematic sampling, elements are selected: A) Randomly B) At regular intervals C) Based on convenience D) Using quotas

B) At regular intervals

Stratified sampling involves: A) Dividing the population into subgroups B) Selecting the easiest elements C) Selecting every nth element D) Using a snowball approach

A) Dividing the population into subgroups

Which is an advantage of cluster sampling? A) Lowest cost per sample B) Highest statistical efficiency C) Requires a complete list D) Difficult to implement

A) Lowest cost per sample

Which is an example of non-probability sampling? A) Simple random sampling B) Cluster sampling C) Convenience sampling D) Stratified sampling

C) Convenience sampling

What is precoding in survey research? A) Coding responses after collection B) Assigning codes before data collection C) Skipping data coding D) Eliminating invalid responses

B) Assigning codes before data collection

How are open-ended responses typically coded? A) Using predefined categories B) Numerically C) Using participant names D) With yes/no codes

A) Using predefined categories

Which is an example of dirty data? A) Accurate entries B) Duplicate records C) Complete data D) Validated responses

B) Duplicate records

What does a frequency table display? A) Relationships between variables B) The distribution of a single variable C) Correlations D) Regression analysis

B) The distribution of a single variable

Cross-tabulation in SPSS is used to: A) Summarize one variable B) Compare two or more variables C) Clean data D) Rank responses

B) Compare two or more variables

A normal distribution curve is: A) Skewed left B) Skewed right C) Symmetrical D) Bimodal

C) Symmetrical

A correlation measures the: A) Difference between two groups B) Strength and direction of a relationship C) Mean of a dataset D) Variance of a variable

B) Strength and direction of a relationship

Variance measures: A) The average value B) How spread out the data is C) The strength of correlation D) The mode of the data

B) How spread out the data is

Which measure represents the middle value in an ordered dataset? A) Mean B) Mode C) Median D) Range

C) Median

Audience variance refers to differences in: A) Research methods B) Participant demographics C) Data accuracy D) Statistical analysis

B) Participant demographics

Which section of a report includes the title page and table of contents? A) Body of the report B) End matter C) Front matter D) Technical appendix

C) Front matter

Which part of the report provides a brief overview of the entire study? A) Research overview B) Executive summary C) Technical appendix D) Implementation strategy

B) Executive summary

RESEARCH STUDIES FINAL EXAM Flashcards

RESEARCH STUDIES FINAL EXAM (127 cards)