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Question 1

Which structures the border between the upper and lower respiratory tract?

Answer 1

The larynx (the larynx itself belongs to the upper respiratory tract)

Question 2

What is the vertebral ad costal extent of the thoracic wall?

Answer 2

T-12

Ribs 1-12

Question 3

What kind of joint is the sternoclvicular joint?

Answer 3

Saddle

Question 4

What name is given to the superior border of the sternal manubrium?

Answer 4

Jugular notch

Question 5

What vertebral level can the xiphoid process be found at?

Answer 5

T9-T12

Question 6

How many vertebrae does each rib articulate with?

Answer 6

2 (the same level and the one above. unless it is the first rib- that only articulates with one vertebrate!)

Question 7

What part of the vertebrae articulates with the head of the rib?

Answer 7

Demi-facet

Question 8

Which part of the vertebrae articulates with the rib tubercle?

Answer 8

Transverse process

Question 9

What lies within the costal groove?

Answer 9

Intercostal vein, artery & nerve

Question 10

Which ribs are true ribs?

Answer 10

1-7

Question 11

Which ribs are false ribs?

Answer 11

8-10

Question 12

Which ribs are floating ribs?

Answer 12

11-12

Question 13

Which ribs are most commonly fractured?

Answer 13

Ribs 5-10

Question 14

What are the borders of the thoracic inlet?

Answer 14

First ribs, manubrium of sternum, body of T1

Question 15

What are the borders of the thoracic outlet?

Answer 15

costal cartilage of ribs 7-10 & xiphoid process

Question 16

Which muscles to newborns use to breathe and why

Answer 16

Diaphragm and abdominal muscles due to the shape of the newborn ribcage

Question 17

name the intercostal muscles from superficial to deep

Answer 17

External, inner, innermost

Question 18

Between which two intercostal muscles can you find the intercostal vein, artery and nerve?

Answer 18

Between the inner and innermost

Question 19

What is the vertebral level and dermatome of sternal angle?

Answer 19

Vertebral level = T4

Dermatome= T2

Question 20

Describe the lymphatic drainage of the breast

Answer 20

75% of the breast drains into ipsilateral anterior axillary lymph nodes
the lateral 25% of the breast is drained into internal thoracic nodes

Question 21

What is the vertebral level of the left and right crus of the diaphragm?

Answer 21

L= L1-2
R= L1-3

Question 22

What are the bony attachments of the diaphragm?

Answer 22

L1-3 (R crus), L1-2 (L crus) posterior 7 ribs, posterior aspect of xiphoid process

Question 23

name the nerves supplying the diaphragm

Answer 23

Phrenic & intercostal nerves t7-12

Question 24

How many cartilage rings are found in the trachea?

Answer 24

16-20

Question 25

Name the muscle at the back of the trachea which joins the two ends of each cartilage ring

Answer 25

Trachealis

Question 26

What are the vertebral borders of the trachea (superior and inferior)?

Answer 26

C6-T4

Question 27

Name the structure found at the end of the trachea at T4

Answer 27

Carina

Question 28

Name the nerve found immediately lateral to the trachea

Answer 28

Vagus

Question 29

Which bronchi is more likely to house aspirated objects and why

Answer 29

R- it is shorter, wider and more vertical

Question 30

Histologically, what changes are seen when bronchus becomes bronchi?

Answer 30

Loss of cartilage rings and glands, more elastic and smooth muscle tissue

Question 30

Histologically, what changes are seen when bronchus becomes bronchi?

Answer 30

Loss of cartilage rings and glands, more elastic and smooth muscle tissue

Question 31

Name the 4 main surfaces of the lung/ pleural surfaces

Answer 31

cervical, mediastinal, costal and diaphragmatic

Question 32

name 4 features of the left lung

Answer 32

2 lobes Oblique fissure only lingua cardiac notch

Question 33

Describe 2 distinct features of the right lung

Answer 33

3 lobes | Horizontal and oblique fissure

Question 34

Draw the left and right lung hila, describing the differences

Answer 34

Question 35

Name the membrane that covers the apex of the lung

Answer 35

Suprapleural membrane (Sibson’s Fascia)

Question 36

What is the function of Sibson's fascia?

Answer 36

provides rigidity to the thoracic inlet and prevents distortion due changes in intrathoracic pressure during respiration.

Question 37

Name the lymph nodes that drain the lung

Answer 37

bronchopulmonary nodes found at the bifurcation of larger bronchi at the hilum

Question 38

name the two pleural recesses/reflections

Answer 38

Costophrenic/costodiaphragmatic Costomediastinal (shown in light blue on diagram)

Question 39

name the nerves that supply the pleura

Answer 39

Visceral - Pulmonary plexus | Parietal - Phrenic & Lower 6 intercostal N

Question 40

list the borders of the lung and parietal pleura at the madclavicular line, midaxillary line and mid scapular line

Answer 40

Question 41

Which ribs correspond to the cardiac notch?

Answer 41

Ribs 4-6

Question 42

Describe the layers of the respiratory tubes (histology) from the lumen to the outside

Answer 42

1. Mucosa (respiratory epithelium and lamina propria) 2. Submucosa 3. Smooth Muscle and Cartilage 4. Adventitia

Question 43

What type of cartilage is found in the respiratory tract?

Answer 43

Hyaline

Question 44

What tissue type predominates in the respiratory tract?

Answer 44

elastic

Question 45

What type of muscle is found in the respiratory tract?

Answer 45

Smooth

Question 46

What type of epithelia is found in the respiratory tract?

Answer 46

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated

Question 47

What type of glands are found in the respiratory tract?

Answer 47

Mucous producing goblet cells & serous glands

Question 48

Which layer of the respiratory tissue are glands found?

Answer 48

Submucosa

Question 49

name the cells that make up an alveolus

Answer 49

Type 1 acini- form the air/blood barrier Type 2 acini- Produce surfactant macrophages

Question 50

Name the muscles involved in forceful expiration

Answer 50

Diaphragm, abdominal muscles and internal intercostals

Question 51

name the muscles involved in inspiration when there is increased WOB

Answer 51

Diaphragm, external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles

Question 52

Name the embryological precursor of the respiratory system

Answer 52

Foregut (which develops from endoderm)

Question 53

Name the embryological precursor of the visceral pleura

Answer 53

Splanchnic layer of lateral plate mesoderm

Question 54

Name the embryological precursor of the parietal pleura

Answer 54

Somatic layer of the lateral plate mesoderm

Question 55

Name the embryological precursor of the diaphragm

Answer 55

Mesoderm

Question 56

Name the embryological precursor of the central tendon of the diaphragm

Answer 56

Septum transversum

Question 57

Name the embryological precursor of the pleural cavity

Answer 57

Pleuropericardial fold of lateral plate somatic mesoderm

Question 58

Which vertebral level do the aorta, IVC & oesophagus pass through the diaphragm

Answer 58

T8 (most anterior) - Vena cava T10- Oesophagus T12 (most posterior)- Aortic hiatus