Resp

Question 1

What constitutes the conduction airways?

Answer 1

Trachea to terminal bronchioles

Question 2

What constitutes the resp zone

.

Answer 2

Resp bronchioles to alveolar sacs

Question 3

What does the larynx become at the lower border of the cricoid cartilage?

Answer 3

Trachea

Question 4

What are the roles of the conchae?

Answer 4

Slows airflow

Increase SA over which air passes

Question 5

What is the epithelium in nasal cavity? What does it do?

Answer 5

Pseudostratified ciliates columnar epithelium
Filters-cilia
Humidifies-watery secretions
Warms-rich blood supply

Question 6

Where do the contents of the nasal cavity drain into?

Answer 6

Paranassl sinuses

Nasolacrimal duct

Question 7

Indicate on your face where the frontal, ethnoidal, sphenoidal and macillary sinuses are.

Answer 7

On face

Question 8

Where does the pharynx extend from, to?

Answer 8

Base if skull to C6

Question 9

Name the tube that transmits an URTI to the middle ear. Why is it more likely in children?

Answer 9

Eustachian

Tube is shorter and more horizontal so easier to travel to middle ear

Question 10

Name three things that cause airway obstruction?

Answer 10

Oedema
Foreign body aspiration
Tumour
Anaphylactic reaction

Question 11

What can damage to the left RLN indicate besides hoarseness of voice and airway injury?

Answer 11

Lung cancer and intrathoracic problems

Question 12

where do ribs 1-7, 8-10 and 11-12 articulate?

Answer 12

1-7-sternum
8-10-costal cartilages
11-12-floating ribs (posteriorly with vertebral column via costovertebral joints)

Question 13

where do the intercostal vessels and nerves run with regards to the rib?

Answer 13

in the costal groove on the shaft

Question 14

what type of joint is the costovertebral joint?

Answer 14

synovial

Question 15

what 2 joints of the ribs assist respiration?

Answer 15

• head of rib attached to corresponding vertebra

- costotransverse joint-articular facet on tubercle of rib articulates with transverse process

Question 16

which ribs are atypical?

Answer 16

1,2,10,11,12

Question 17

what are the 3 main features of the first rib?

Answer 17

• broadest,shortest and most sharply curved rib

- has scalene tubercle which separates grooves for subclavian vein and artery

Question 18

what does the rough area on the second rib correspond to?

Answer 18

tuberosity for serratus anterior

Question 19

are external intercostal muscles involved in inspiration or expiration? what direction do the fibres run?

Answer 19

inspiration

downwards and anteriorly

Question 20

what muscles are involved in forced expiration?

Answer 20

internal and innermost intercostals

Question 21

In what direction do the internal and innermost intercostal muscles run?

Answer 21

internal-downards and posteriorly

innermost-downwards

Question 22

what nerve supplies the intercostal muscles

Answer 22

intercostal nerves

Question 23

what is the main muscle of inspiration?

Answer 23

diaphragm

Question 24

what are the 3 openings of the diaphragm and what vertebral level?

Answer 24

• vena cava-T8
• oesophagus-T10
• Aortic hiatus-T12

Question 25

what is the nerve supply of the diaphragm and name the root values?

Answer 25

c3,4,5 phrenic nerve

Question 26

in what order do the bundle of intercostal vessels run from superior to inferior? Where in relation to the ribs do they lie?

Answer 26

vein, artery, nerve | lower border of rib

Question 27

where shouls a pleural aspiration be carried out and why?

Answer 27

upper border of rib to avoid intercostal vessels

Question 28

what do the 12 intercostal nerves supply?

Answer 28

intercostal muscles, parietal pleura and overlying skin in corrsponding space

Question 29

name the 2 veins the 2 anterior intercostal veins drain into.

Answer 29

internal thoracic--->subclavian

Question 30

name the 2 veins the right posterior intercostal veins drain into.

Answer 30

azygous--->SVC

Question 31

name the 2 veins the left posterior intercostal veins drain into.

Answer 31

hemiazygous-->SVC

Question 32

What is the blood supply and innervation of the pleura?

Answer 32

intercostal and internal thoracic arteries and veins | Intercostal and phrenic nerves

Question 33

what are the 2 functions of the pleural cavity?

Answer 33

provides frictionless movement | provides cohesion that keeps lung surface in cotact with thoracic wall

Question 34

where does the trachea begin and end?

Answer 34

begins at lower border of cricoid cartilage in neck | ends by dividing into left and right main bronchi at level of sternal angle

Question 35

what epithelia is found in trachea?

Answer 35

pseudostratified ciliated

Question 36

what holds the trachea open?

Answer 36

c shaped cartilage rings and trachealis muscle

Question 37

what is the carina?

Answer 37

angle between right and left main bronchi

Question 38

why do things get stuck in the right main bronchus more than elft?

Answer 38

more vertical, short and wide

Question 39

what muscles assists in quiet inspiration?

Answer 39

external intercostal and diaphragm

Question 40

what muscles assists in quiet expiration?

Answer 40

none! its elastic recoil of the lungs

Question 41

Is inspiration a passive or active process?

Answer 41

active

Question 42

In what three states does quiet breathing take more effort, apart from effort required to stretch the lungs?

Answer 42

- diaphragm cannot easily move into abdomen | e. g. pregnancy, obesity, corsets/back injury

Question 43

why is quiet expiration passive?

Answer 43

elastic recoil of the lungs

Question 44

what muscles assists in active/forced inspiration?

Answer 44

external intercostal,diaphragm, sternocleidomastoid, scalene, serratus anterior and pec major

Question 45

what muscles assists in active/forced expiration?

Answer 45

internal intercostal, abdominal muscles

Question 46

what is the important protein in surfactant?

Answer 46

surfactant protein A

Question 47

what is surfactant produced by?

Answer 47

type 2 alveolar pneumocytes

Question 48

what is Laplaces law?

Answer 48

pressure=(2 x surface tension)/ radius

Question 49

what 2 things does surfactant do in the lungs and what does it prevent?

Answer 49

- reduces surface tension in alveoli - increase compliance - stops alveoli collapsing in on each other and joining together

Question 50

what is RDS in babies and what does it mean for the lungs?

Answer 50

too little surfactant produced | lungs very stiff and few large alveoli