resp lec 1 Flashcards
1
Q
what are the 4 main functions of respiration?
A
- regulating body temp
- gas exchange
- speech
- voice
2
Q
approx how much air pressure is necessary for quiet conversational speech?
A
5cm H2O
3
Q
ventilation means…
A
moving air
4
Q
perfusion means…
A
to pour over or through
5
Q
diffusion means…
A
- spread of particles through random motion from higher to lower concentration
- i.e., gas is exchanged from alveolus to capillary
6
Q
what does quiet inspiration require the contraction of? (1)
A
diaphragm
7
Q
what does forced inspiration require the contraction of? (2)
A
- diaphragm
- accessory muscles
8
Q
what does passive expiration require? (3)
A
- torque: costal cartilage twists ribs back to resting position
- elasticity: recoil
- gravity: ribs settle down
9
Q
what does active expiration require the contraction of? (2)
A
- thoracic muscles
- abdominal muscles
10
Q
does lifting/elevating the ribs make the volume inside the lungs larger or smaller?
A
larger
11
Q
during inspiration, which directions do the ribs move in? (3)
A
- superiorly
- anteriorly
- laterally
12
Q
how does boyle’s law relate to the lungs?
A
- an increase in lung volume = a decrease in lung pressure = air moves in
- a decrease in lung volume = an increase in lung pressure = air moves out
13
Q
when the diaphragm is contracting, lung volume is ___, pressure is ____, and you are ____.
A
increasing
decreasing
inhaling
14
Q
when the diaphragm is relaxing, lung volume is ___, pressure is ____, and you are ____.
A
decreasing
increasing
exhaling
15
Q
what % of the time is spent inhaling and exhaling during speech vs non-speech?
A
- speech: 10% inhal, 90% exhal
- non-speech: 40% inhal, 60% exhal
16
Q
what makes up the upper resp system? (3)
A
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
17
Q
what makes up the lower resp system? (3)
A
- trachea
- bronchi
- lungs
18
Q
which parts make up the conductive/cartilaginous zones? (2)
A
- trachea
- mainstem bronchi
19
Q
which parts make up the resp zones (3)
A
- alveolar ducts
- alveoli
- capillaries
20
Q
whats the key diff bw conductive vs resp zones?
A
resp zones do gas exchange
21
Q
approx how many alveoli do we have?
A
300 million
22
Q
approx how many ml of dead air do we have?
A
150ml
23
Q
what does the arrangement of the conchae and meatuses increase?
A
surface area of nasal cavity
24
Q
how much of the nose is cartilage vs bone?
A
2/3 cartilage, 1/3 bone
25
3 main functions of nose?
1. warm, moisten, filter air
2. detect smell
3. modify speech vibrations
26
When the skeletal muscle is relaxed, the pharynx is ___, and when the skeletal muscle contracts, this assists with ____.
open
swallowing
27
which part of the pharyngeal cavity exchanges small amounts of air with the auditory tube to equalize air pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere?
nasopharynx
28
T or F: like the oropharynx, the laryngopharynx is a respiratory and digestive pathway.
true
29
when is the epiglottis open vs closed?
- open: during respiration
- closed: during eating and drinking
30
the larynx, also known as the voice box, connects the ____ with the ____.
laryngopharynx
trachea
31
how long is the trachea? how many cartilaginous C's does the trachea contain? where do they open?
- 11cm
- 16-20
- open at posterior
32
where does the trachea bifurcate? what does it become?
- carina
- right and left bronchi
33
what does the trachealis muscle do? what is it lined with?
- generally constricted but relaxes/expands trachea for greater oxygen intake
- lined with submucosal glands to clean trachea
34
why must the trachea have a rigid component?
to resist positive and negative changes in air pressure
35
define gastroesophageal reflux
when stomach acid/contents go up the esophagus and may enter the upper respiratory passage
36
define aspiration
entry of liquid or solid material into the lungs (lower respiratory system)
37
what do the bronchi divide into? (5)
- mainstem (primary) bronchi
- secondary (lobar) bronchi
- tertiary (segmental) bronchi
- bronchioles
- terminal (respiratory) bronchioles
38
is there a difference in the angles and shapes of the two main bronchi? what kind of implications does this have?
- right: vertical, shorter, wider (~20 degrees)
- left: ~45 degrees
- implications: right lung is more susceptible to aspiration
39
T or F: the main bronchi contain complete rings of cartilage.
false -- incomplete
40
which structure marks the switch from conducting zone to respiratory zone?
terminal bronchioles
41
what are the lungs separated from each other by? what is the benefit of them being separated?
- mediastinum
- benefit: trauma to one lung? other one will be safe
42
which lungs is smaller and why? which lung is shorter and why?
- left = smaller to allow space for heart
- right = shorter to accommodate liver
43
how many segments are in the right and left lungs? what are segments separated by?
- right: 10
- left: 8-9
- separated by connective tissue
44
what is the hilum?
- depression on medial surface of each lung
- where blood vessels, nerves etc enter/exit lungs
45
how many lobes does each lung have? what are they separated by?
- right: 3 lobes (upper, middle, lower) and separated by oblique and horizontal fissure
- left: 2 lobes (upper, lower) and separated by oblique fissure
46
what are alveolar sacs and alveoli surrounded by? what do they do?
- surrounded by capillary beds
- take in oxygen + give up CO2
47
T or F: lungs contain skeletal muscle
false -- changes in shape are passive (the result of linkage to and movements in other structures e.g., rib muscles, diaphragm muscle)
48
what is the name of the outer membrane of the lungs? inner membrane? space between filled with pleural fluid?
- parietal
- visceral
- pleural cavity
49
what is the function of pleural fluid? (2)
- keeps pleural layers together (surface tension)
- lubrication to protect against constant friction
50
what is emphysema characterized by? (2)
1. absence of cilia = poor cleaning
2. recombining of alveoli = poor oxygen exchange
51
what is a tracheostomy?
articicial airway which keeps food separate from airway
52
parts of sternum? (3)
1. manubrium
2. body
3. xiphoid process
53
what extends from the manubrium of the sternum?
clavicles
54
diff bw true vs false vs floating ribs? how many of each?
- 1-7 true: attached to costal cartilage in front + vertebrae in back
- 8-10 false: attached to rib above in front + vertebrae in back
- 11-12 floating: only attached vertebrae in back
55
how many segments are in the vertebral column? what are they called?
- ~33
- C1-7
- T1-12
- L1-5
- ~5 sacral
- ~ 4 coccygeal
56
what is the first cervical vertebra called? second?
- atlas
- axis
57
how many facets do cervical vertebrae contain?
2 (superior articular facet)
58
how many facets do thoracic vertebrae contain?
- 2 superior costal
- 2 inferior costal
- 2 transverse costal
- 2 superior articular
- 2 inferior articular
59
which vertebrae contain larger spinous processes, cervical or thoracic?
thoracic
60
why is the vertebral foramen large in cervical vertebrae?
to make room for where the brain stem meets the spinal cord
61
why do thoracic vertebrae have a large transverse process?
because they articulate with the ribs.
62
the spinal cord travels thru the ___ foramen.
major arteries travel thru the ___ foramen.
vertebral
transverse
63
which facets of the thoracic vertebrae do the ribs articulate with? (3)
- superior portion of rib touches inferior costal
- inferior portion of rib touches superior costal
- goes out and touches transverse costal
