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resp physio 1 Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

define inhalation

A

the process of air flowing into the lungs during inspiration

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2
Q

define exhalation

A

the process of air flowing out of the lungs during expiration

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3
Q

how does air flow into and out of the lungs?

A

pressure differences

high pressure to low pressure

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4
Q

what causes the pressure changes in the lungs?

A

Muscular breathing movements and recoil of elastic tissues

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5
Q

what is Patm?

A

atmospheric pressure

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6
Q

at what part of the respiratory tract does pressure = Patm?

A

the beginning of the respiratory tract

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7
Q

what is PA?

A

alveolar pressure

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8
Q

what happens if Patm = PA?

A

no airflow

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9
Q

what happens if PA < Patm?

A

air flows into the lungs

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10
Q

what happens if PA>Patm?

A

air flows out of the lungs

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11
Q

what is Boyle’s Law?

A

if the volume of a gas is made to increase, the pressure exerted by the gas decreases

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12
Q

the lungs are elastic. how can they return to their original shape?

A

if the force distorting them is removed

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13
Q

how are the lungs inflated?

A

reducing the pressure outside the lungs in the thorax by lowering the diaphragm

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14
Q

under normal conditions, which way do the chest wall and the lungs pull?

A

Chest wall pulls outwards and the lungs pull inwards

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15
Q

what is the value of intrapleural pressure with respect to the atmosphere?

A

negative

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16
Q

what is the intrapleural pressure?

A

pressure/tension felt between the lungs and the chest wall

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17
Q

how does intrapleural pressure change during inspiration and expiration?

A

slightly negative at the beginning of inspiration

intra pleural pressure becomes more negative during inspiration
becomes less negative during quiet expiration

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18
Q

what happens to the intrapleural pressure in a pneumothorax?

A

equal or exceeds the atmospheric pressure

pressure surrounding lungs will increase and may cause the lungs to collapse

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19
Q

what is elasticity?

A

a measure of how easily the lungs can be stretched

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20
Q

how is elasticity expressed?

A

compliance

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21
Q

what is compliance?

A

the ease at which the lungs expand under pressure

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22
Q

what causes lung compliance to change?

A

disease

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23
Q

how is compliance calculated?

A

change in volume/change in pressure

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24
Q

at any given pressure, is lung volume lowest during inhalation or exhalation?

A

inhalation

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25
even without any expanding pressure, why does the lung always have some air in it?
due to airway closure
26
what is airway closure?
where small airways close, trapping gas in alveoli
27
when does airway closure increase?
in certain conditions such as age and lung disease
28
what causes reduced compliance?
Increase of fibrous tissue in the lung (pulmonary fibrosis) Collapse/closure of lung (Atelactasis) Increase in pulmonary venous pressure
29
what causes increased compliance?
age | emphysema
30
how does emphysema affect the lung?
destruction of normal lung architecture - includes elastic fibres and collagen impaired elastic recoil lungs don't deflate as easily lung is more easily distended - increased compliance
31
how does fibrosis affect lung compliance?
decreases compliance
32
what is kyphoscoliosis?
a disorder characterized by progressive deformity of spine
33
what components generate the elastic quality of the lungs?
elastic fibres and collagen | surface tension forces caused by the alveolar-liquid interface
34
what forms the majority of connective tissue in the alveoli walls?
elastic fibres
35
is more pressure needed to inflate an air filled lung or deflate it?
inflate it
36
what is hysteresis?
means to lag behind | A greater pressure is required to reach a specific lung volume when you are inflating it rather than deflating it.
37
is more pressure needed to inflate a fluid filled lung or deflate it?
deflate it - the air-fluid interface has been abolished
38
what is surface tension?
cohesive forces between liquid molecules at the surface | molecules at the surface have stronger bonds to those underneath them
39
explain surface tension elastic force
on the inner surface of the alveoli, the water surface is always trying to contract alveoli try to collapse an elastic force has to be generated throughout the lung
40
explain Laplace's Law and given an equation
P = 2T/r The pressure in a bubble is equal to twice the surface tension divided by the radius The smaller the bubble, the greater the internal pressure required to keep it inflated
41
how do the lungs compensate with problem of pressure differences arising from having alveoli of different sizes?
surfactants stabilise alveoli without surfactant, pressure would be greater in smaller alveoli. surfactant lowers surface tension more in smaller alveoli
42
what effect do surfactants have on surface tension?
reduce surface tension | reduce surface tension elastic forces
43
what is pulmonary surfactant made of?
a complex mixture of lipids and proteins
44
how do surfactants reduce surface tension?
Amphipathic character (hydrophilic/water loving head groups and hydrophobic tails towards air) and resultant packing reduces surface tension
45
what cells secrete surfactant?
type 2 alveolar epithelial cells
46
where does assembly of surfactants occur?
in the lamellar bodies
47
what is surfactant secreted into and what occurs to it at this point?
into alveolar fluid undergoes structural changes to form a meshwork known as tubular myelin before eventually forming a surfactant layer at air-water interface
48
what causes infant respiratory distress syndrome?
developmental insufficiency of surfactant production and structural immaturity in the lungs
49
what is airway resistance?
the resistance to the flow of gas within the airways of the lung
50
what is an example of a disease that might affect airway resistance?
asthma
51
what causes asthma?
Reduction of airway diameter due to contraction of smooth muscle or swelling due to inflammation and mucus production
52
what controls the tone of the smooth muscle in the airways?
autonomic nervous system
53
what affects the pattern of fluid flow through a tube?
velocity and physical properties
54
what are the types of airway flow in the lungs?
laminar - movement is orderly and streamlined | turbulent - chaotic
55
which law describes laminar flow?
Poiseuille's Law
56
what does Poiseuille's Law state?
Small changes in the diameter of airways leads to relatively big changes in flow.
57
what are sites of airway resistance in the upper respiratory tract?
the nose
58
Assuming laminar flow, Poiseuille’s law would predict that major resistance to air flow would occur in airways with smaller radius. Why is this not so?
Because the total cross-sectional area increases as you go down the tracheobronchial tree - although the diameter of each airway is small there are a larger number of them
59
what controls the resistance of small bronchi and bronchioles?
neuronal and hormonal factors
60
how does the parasympathetic system control bronchial smooth muscle tone?
postganglionic fibres release Ach which stimulate muscarinic receptors on smooth muscle causing them to contract.
61
how does the sympathetic system control bronchial smooth muscle tone?
occurs mainly via circulating catecholamines. Adrenalin activates β2 receptors causing smooth muscle to relax
62
what are other factors which contribute to bronchomotor tone?
- Non-adrenergic non cholinergic systems, NANC - Mediator release (e.g histamine etc) - Rapidly adapting pulmonary receptors (irritant/cough receptors) - Slowly adapting/stretch pulmonary receptors - carbon dioxide - causes bronchodilation in underventilated areas where the gas builds up
63
what does the work of breathing have to overcome?
resistance to airflow | elastic recoil of the lungs

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