Respiration Flashcards
Exchange surfaces
All organisms require nutrients and the ability to excrete waste. Many simple organisms, such as bacteria and sea anemones, can exchange substances directly across their external surfaces.
Larger organisms require specialized gas exchange and transport systems to transport substances such as oxygen and nutrients to their cells efficiently.
What do goblet cells do?
The walls of the trachea and bronchus contain goblet cells, which secrete mucus made of mucin. This traps micro-organisms and debris, helping to keep the airways clear.
ciliated epithelial cells?
Trachea and bronchus also contain ciliated epithelial cells, which are covered on one surface with cilia. These beat regularly to move micro-organisms and dust particles along with the mucus. They contain many mitochondria to provide energy for the beating cilia.
All aerobic organisms require a constant supply of oxygen to release energy, from what process?
Aerobic respiration
What is the Biochemical molecule you now know as energy? CLUE it has three phosphate groups?
ATP
In this process there will be a build up of a certain gas that could be harmful to the body. What is the name of this gas?
CO2
The volume of O2 that has to be absorbed and the volume of CO2 that must be removed are large in mammals because
They are relatively large organisms with a large volume of living cells
They maintain a high body temperature which is related to them having high metabolic and respiratory rates
As a result mammals have evolved specialised surfaces to ensure efficient gas exchange happens between the air and their blood
What are these surfaces?
Lungs
What do the Mammalian lungs do?
The lungs are the site of gas exchange in mammals.
The Anatomy of the Mammalian lungs?
The lungs are supported and protected by a bony box called the ribcage.
The ribs can be moved by the muscles between them.
The lungs are ventilated by a tidal stream of air
This ensures that the air within them is constantly replenished.
What are the lungs?
LUNGS are a pair of lobed structures made up of a series of highly branched tubules which end in tiny air sacs called alveoli.
What are the trachea?
TRACHEA is a flexible airway that is supported by rings of cartilage.
Cartilage prevents the trachea collapsing as the air pressure inside falls when breathing in.
The tracheal walls are made up of muscle, lined with ciliated epithelium and goblet cells
What are the bronchi?
BRONCHI are two divisions of the trachea, each leading to one lung
They are similar in structure to the trachea
They also produce mucus to trap dirt particles and have cilia that move the dirt-laden mucus towards the throat
The larger bronchi are supported by cartilage, although the amount of cartilage is reduced as the bronchi get smaller
What are bronchioles?
BRONCHOILES are a series of branching subdivisions of the bronchi
Their walls are made of muscle lined with epithelial cells.
This muscle allows them to constrict so that they can control the flow of air in and out of the alveoli.
What are alveoli?
ALVEOLI are tiny little air sacs, with a diameter of between 100 µm and 300 µm. they are at the end of the bronchioles.
Between the alveoli there are some collagen and elastic fibres.
The alveoli are lined with epithelium.
The elastic fibres allow the alveoli to stretch as the fill with air when breathing in.
They then spring back during breathing out in order to expel the carbon dioxide rich air
The alveolar membrane is the gas-exchange surface.
Pleural Membrane
Around each lung there is a double set of coverings – the pleural membranes.
Between these membranes is a narrow space filled with pleural fluid.
This causes the two membranes to stick together.
One membrane is attached to the lung and the other is attached to the ribcage and diaphragm – important for breathing and movement.
