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General Botany > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

located in the lipid interior of the membrane, ferries electrons from Complex I to Complex III, which contains cytochrome b

A

Ubiquinone/coenzyme Q (CoQ)

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2
Q

plays a critical role in both catabolic and anabolic processes and represents a major “hub” of metabolic activities in the cell

A

citric acid cycle

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3
Q

can undergo glycolysis once they have been converted to glucose 6-phosphate or fructose 6-phosphate

A

Carbohydrates other than glucose, including glycogen, starch, various disaccharides, and a number of monosaccharides

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4
Q

a peripheral membrane protein on the intermembrane-space side that shuttles back and forth between Complexes III and IV

A

cytochrome c

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5
Q

non-heme iron proteins that are additional components of the electron transport chain

A

iron-sulfur proteins

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6
Q

(exergonic) various pathways by which different organic molecules are broken down to yield energy

A

catabolism

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7
Q

is a key intermediate in cellular energy metabolism because it can be utilized in one of several pathways

A

Pyruvate

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8
Q

 Electrons Removed from the Glucose Molecule Are Transferred to Oxygen
 a series of electron carriers, each of which holds the electrons at a slightly lower energy level than the previous carrier

A

electron transport chain

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9
Q

phase that requires an energy investment of 2 ATP per glucose molecule. This stage ends with the splitting of the six-carbon sugar molecule into two three-carbon molecules.

A

Preparatory Phase

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10
Q

– was originally known as the Krebs cycle in honor of Sir Hans Krebs, whose research group was largely responsible for its elucidation; Krebs cycle is more commonly called the citric acid cycle or the TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle today, because it begins with the formation of citric acid, or citrate, which has three carboxylic acid (—COO-) groups

A

citric acid cycle

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11
Q

central to the biosynthetic processes of life

A

pyruvate or the acetyl group of acetyl CoA

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12
Q

which receives two electrons from NADH and passes them to CoQ

A

flavin mononucleotide (FMN)

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13
Q

Oxidizes the Acetyl Groups of the Acetyl CoA Molecules

A

citric acid cycle

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14
Q

depends on a gradient of protons (H+ ions) across the mitochondrial membrane and the subsequent use of the free energy stored in that gradient to form ATP from ADP and phosphate

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

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15
Q

serve as an intermediate between two-electron carriers and one-electron carriers

A

ubiquinone, also called coenzyme Q (CoQ)

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16
Q

represent the cell’s net energy harvest from glycolysis

A

ATP & NADH

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17
Q

phase that produces an energy yield of 4 ATP and 2 NADH—a substantial return on the original investment. The net ATP yield is therefore 2 molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose.

A

payoff phase

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18
Q

drives the formation of ATP from ADP and Pi by oxidative phosphorylation

A

proton gradient

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19
Q

two distinct events take place in chemiosmotic coupling:

A

(1) a proton gradient is established across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion, and
(2) potential energy stored in the gradient is used to generate ATP from ADP and phosphate

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20
Q

the complete oxidation of sugars or other organic molecules to carbon dioxide and water

A

Respiration

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21
Q

the combination of the acetyl group and CoA and is the form in which carbon atoms from glucose enter the citric acid cycle

A

acetyl CoA

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22
Q

the overall reaction for the complete oxidation of glucose

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ⎯→ 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

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23
Q

— a large molecule consisting of a nucleotide linked to pantothenic acid, one of the B-complex vitamins
— often written as CoA-SH to indicate its sulfur group, where bonding occurs

A

coenzyme A (CoA)

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24
Q

electron acceptor; the first component of the electron transport chain

A

flavin mononucleotide (FMN)

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25
Q

can move freely within the lipid bilayer of the membrane and thus can shuttle electrons between other, less mobile carriers.

A

ubiquinone, also called coenzyme Q (CoQ)

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26
Q

– The term “chemiosmotic,” coined by Peter Mitchell, reflects the fact that the production of ATP in oxidative phosphorylation includes both chemical processes (the “chemi” portion of the term) and transport processes across a selectively permeable membrane (the “osmotic” portion of the term)

A

chemiosmotic coupling

27
Q

the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA yields

A

two molecules of NADH

28
Q

The Strategy of Energy Metabolism

A

catabolism
anabolism

29
Q

– the mechanism by which oxidative phosphorylation is accomplished
– mechanism of ATP synthesis

A

chemiosmotic coupling

30
Q

(endergonic) are the pathways by which cells synthesize the diversity of molecules that constitute a living organism

A

anabolism

31
Q

takes place in the cytosol, and in the presence of oxygen yields 2 molecules of ATP directly plus 2 molecules of NADH per molecule of glucose. The net yield from reoxidation of the 2 NADH molecules is only 4 molecules of ATP, rather than the 6 that would otherwise be expected.

A

Glycolysis

32
Q

the principal electron carriers of the chain

A

 flavin mononucleotide (FMN) - which receives two electrons from NADH and passes them to CoQ
 coenzyme Q (CoQ) - located in the lipid interior of the membrane, ferries electrons from Complex I to Complex III, which contains cytochrome b
 cytochromes b, c, a, and a3

33
Q

consists overall of glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain

A

Respiration

34
Q

(from glyco-, meaning “sugar,” and lysis, meaning “splitting”), the six-carbon glucose molecule is split into two molecules of pyruvate

A

Glycolysis

35
Q

In many bacteria, fungi, protists, and animal cells, this oxygenless, or anaerobic, process results in the formation of lactate, a three-carbon compound similar in structure to pyruvate.

A

Lactate Fermentation

36
Q

the universal energy currency in living organisms

A

ATP

37
Q

 occurs in a series of 10 steps, each catalyzed by a specific enzyme
 an anaerobic process that occurs in the cytosol
 begins with preparatory phase, which requires an input of energy in the form of ATP (steps 1 and 3)
 have two phases:
Preparatory phase – Energy investment: 2ATP
Payoff phase – Energy yield: 4ATP and 2NADH
 Ends with Most of the Energy of the Original Glucose Molecule Still Present in the Two Pyruvate Molecules

A

Glycolysis

38
Q

Is the Chief Source of Energy in Most Cells

A

glucose

39
Q

also occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion, yielding 2 molecules of ATP, 6 of NADH, and 2 of FADH2

A

Citric acid cycle

40
Q

is involved in the formation of ATP using energy supplied to electrons by the sun. It can also be used to power other transport processes

A

chemiosmotic power

41
Q

The two-step process by which pyruvate is converted anaerobically to ethanol. In the first step, carbon dioxide is released. In the second, NADH is oxidized and acetaldehyde is reduced

A

Alcohol Fermentation

42
Q

Completes the Metabolic Breakdown of Glucose to Carbon Dioxide

A

citric acid cycle

43
Q

Is Achieved by the Chemiosmotic Coupling Mechanism

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

44
Q

the yield of the citric acid cycle

A

2 ATP
two molecules of FADH2
six molecules of NADH

45
Q

occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion, yielding 2 molecules of NADH for each molecule of glucose

A

Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

46
Q

uses the energy of protons moving down their gradient to produce ATP

A

ATP synthase

47
Q

In yeast and most plant cells, however, pyruvate is converted to ethanol (ethyl alcohol) and carbon dioxide.

A

Alcohol Fermentation

48
Q

protein molecules with an iron-containing porphyrin ring, or heme group, attached

A

cytochromes

49
Q

Glycolysis (from glucose to pyruvate) can be summarized by the overall equation:

A

Glucose + 2NAD+ + 2ADP + 2Pi ⎯→ 2 Pyruvate + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2ATP + 2H2O

50
Q

is the cleavage step from which glycolysis derives its name

A

step 4

51
Q

the formation of ATP by the enzymatic transfer of a phosphate group from a metabolic intermediate to ADP, as occurs in steps 7 and 10

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

52
Q

The overall equation for the citric acid cycle is therefore:

A

Oxaloacetate + Acetyl CoA + 3H2O + ADP + Pi + 3NAD+ + FAD ⎯→ Oxaloacetate + 2CO2 + CoA + ATP + 3NADH + 3H+ + FADH2

53
Q

The most abundant components of the electron transport chain

A

quinone molecules

54
Q

This enzyme complex consists of two major portions, FO, which is contained within the inner membrane of the mitochondrion, and F1, which extends into the matrix.

A

ATP synthase

55
Q

reflects the fact that the production of ATP in oxidative phosphorylation includes both chemical processes

A

chemi

56
Q

transport processes across a selectively permeable membrane

A

osmotic

57
Q

The two-step process by which pyruvate is converted anaerobically to ethanol.

A

In the first step, carbon dioxide is released. In the second, NADH is oxidized and acetaldehyde is reduced.

58
Q

alcohol fermentation equation

A

Glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi ⎯→ 2 Ethanol + 2CO2 + 2ATP + 2H2O

59
Q

lactate fermentation equation

A

Glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi ⎯→ 2 Lactate + 2ATP + 2H2O

60
Q

oxidation

A

loss of electron

61
Q

reduction

A

gain of electron

62
Q

process for a fat to convert to acetyl CoA and enter the citric acid cycle, the triglyceride molecule is first hydrolyzed to glycerol and three fatty acids. Then, beginning at the carboxyl end of the fatty acids, two-carbon acetyl groups are successively removed as acetyl CoA.

A

Beta oxidation

63
Q

protein complex that is not a part of the transfer of electrons from NADH to O2

A

complex II

General Botany (4 decks)

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