The Molecular Composition of Plant Cells

Question 1

substances that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary means

Answer 1

elements

Question 2

make up 90% of the weight of all living matter

Answer 2

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur (CHNOPS)

Question 3

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; follows 1:2:1

Answer 3

carbohydrates

Question 4

Three principal kinds of carbohydrates:

Answer 4

Monosaccaride, Disaccharide, Polysaccharide

Question 5

a carbohydrate that functions as building blocks and sources of energy

Answer 5

Monosaccharide

Question 6

Ribose, glucose, fructose, galactose, and maltose, consist only of one sugar

Answer 6

Monosaccharide

Question 7

Contain two sugar subunits linked covalently

Answer 7

Disaccharide

Question 8

the synthesis of a disaccharide where a molecule of water is removed and a new bond is formed between the monosaccharide

Answer 8

Dehydration synthesis or condensation reaction

Question 9

from hydro, meaning “water”, and lysis, “breaking apart”; the reverse reaction of dehydration synthesis in which a molecule of water is added, the disaccharide is split into its monosaccharide subunits

Answer 9

hydrolysis

Question 10

glucose + fructose; transport form of sugar in plants

Answer 10

Sucrose

Question 11

glucose + galactose

Answer 11

lactose

Question 12

glucose + glucose

Answer 12

maltose

Question 13

a carbohydrate that function as storage forms of energy or as a structural materials

Answer 13

polysaccharide

Question 14

Contain many sugar subunits linked together

Answer 14

polysaccharide

Question 15

common storage polysaccharide in prokaryotes, fungi, and animals; resembles amylopectin but is more highly branched

Answer 15

glycogen

Question 15

primary storage polysaccharide in plants

Answer 15

starch

Question 16

Starch have two forms:

Answer 16

amylose – which is an unbranched molecule & amylopectin – which is branched

Question 17

the principal storage polysaccharides in leaves and stems; consist of the polymers of fructose

Answer 17

fructans

Question 18

(structural polysaccharide) principal component of fungal cell walls and also of the relatively hard outer coverings, or exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans, such as crabs and lobsters

Answer 18

chitin

Question 19

(large molecules) that are made up of similar or identical small subunits

Answer 19

macromolecules

Question 20

(“single parts”) individual subunits of polymers

Answer 20

monomers

Question 20

(many parts) similar or identical small subunits that made up the macromolecules

Answer 20

polymers

Question 21

stepwise linking of monomers into polymers

Answer 21

polymerization

Question 22

Serve as energy-storage molecules – usually in the form of fats or oils – and also for structural purposes

Answer 22

Lipids

Question 23

triglycerides that store energy

Answer 23

fats and oils

Question 24

consist of 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Answer 24

fats

Question 25

tend to stay solid at room temperature and can cause fatty deposits in blood vessels leading to atherosclerosis ("hardening of the arteries”)

Answer 25

saturated fat

Question 26

Butter, lard, coconut oil, palm oil, etc.

Answer 26

saturated fat

Question 27

stay liquid at room temperature are less likely to clog your arteries linked by one or more double bonds

Answer 27

unsaturated fat

Question 28

Safflower oil, peanut oil, corn oil, obtained from oil-rich seeds

Answer 28

unsaturated fat

Question 29

1 glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate group; modified triglycerides that are components of cellular membranes

Answer 29

phospholipids

Question 30

cholesterol, lipid-like, sex hormones; stabilize cellular membranes and also function as hormones

Answer 30

Steroid

Question 31

Most abundant organic molecules

Answer 31

protein

Question 32

building blocks of proteins

Answer 32

amino acid

Question 33

consists of an amino group (--NH2), a carboxyl group (--COOH), and a hydrogen atom, all bonded to a central carbon atom; has an “R” group also bonded to the central carbon atom

Answer 33

amino acid

Question 34

(“R” can be thought of as the “rest of the molecule”) that determines the identity of each amino acid

Answer 34

R group

Question 35

Four Levels of Protein Organization

Answer 35

Primary Structure Secondary Structure Tertiary Structure Quaternary Structure

Question 36

protein organization that consists of a linear sequence of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

Answer 36

primary structure

Question 36

level of protein organization that exist in two most common structure: alpha helix (spiral) & beta pleated sheet (zigzag)

Answer 36

secondary structure

Question 37

– Alpha helix may fold to form a three-dimensional, globular (structure) protein – E.g., membrane proteins, transport proteins

Answer 37

Tertiary Structure

Question 37

facilitates the process by inhibiting incorrect folding

Answer 37

Molecular chaperones

Question 37

a level of protein organization wherein it is combination of several polypeptide chain into a single functional molecule

Answer 37

quaternary structure

Question 37

the unfolding or breaking up of a protein, modifying its standard three- dimensional structure

Answer 37

denaturation

Question 38

lock and key model—substrate will fit into a specific enzyme

Answer 38

enzymes

Question 39

- large, complex globular proteins that catalyze chemical reactions (act as catalyst) - often named by adding the ending -ase to the root name of the substrate

Answer 39

enzyme

Question 40

substance that accelerate the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the energy of activation, but remains unchanged in the process

Answer 40

catalyst

Question 41

the reacting molecule or molecules

Answer 41

substrate

Question 42

catalyzes the hydrolysis of amylose (starch) into glucose molecules

Answer 42

amylase

Question 43

catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose

Answer 43

sucrase

Question 44

Consist of long chains of molecules known as nucleotides

Answer 44

nucleic acid

Question 45

consist of three components: phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base

Answer 45

nucleotides

Question 46

five different nitrogenous bases occur in the nucleotides that are the building blocks of nucleic acids:

Answer 46

adenosine, guanine, thiamine, cytosine, & uracil

Question 47

Double-stranded Deoxyribose ATCG Carries genetic information

Answer 47

DNA

Question 48

single stranded ribose AUCG Participate in protein synthesis

Answer 48

RNA

Question 49

component of the ribosomes (protein + RNA)

Answer 49

rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

Question 50

to carry amino acid during translation of protein synthesis

Answer 50

tRNA (transfer RNA)

Question 51

blueprint of the DNA during protein synthesis

Answer 51

mRNA (messenger RNA)

Question 51

 molecules that are found in all plant cells and are essential to life  amino acids, sugars, proteins, and nucleic acids

Answer 51

Primary Metabolites

Question 52

antimicrobial compounds produced only after wounding or after attack by bacteria or fungi

Answer 52

phytoalexins

Question 52

 only produced if the plants are stressed  restricted and not even in their distribution  serve as chemical signals that enable the plant to respond to environmental cues  known to be important for the survival and propagation of the plants that produce them

Answer 52

Secondary Metabolites

Question 52

Three Major Classes of Secondary Plant Compounds (Secondary Metabolites)

Answer 52

Alkaloids Terpenoids Phenolics

Question 53

among the most important compounds in terms of their pharmacological or medicinal aspects

Answer 53

Alkaloids

Question 53

alkaline nitrogenous compounds that include morphine, cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, and atropine

Answer 53

alkaloids

Question 53

first alkaloid to be identified in 1806 from the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) - used today in medicine as analgesic (pain reliever) and cough suppressant

Answer 53

morphine

Question 53

comes from coca (Erythroxylum coca) lessen hunger pangs and fatigue while working in this harsh environment

Answer 53

cocaine

Question 54

a stimulant found in such plants as coffee (Coffee arabica), tea (Camellia sinensis), and cocoa (Theobroma cacao)

Answer 54

caffeine

Question 55

caffeine released by the seedling apparently inhibits germination of other seeds in the vicinity of the seedling, preventing the growth of competitors

Answer 55

allelopathy

Question 56

containing extracts from the Egyptian herbane - used today as a cardiac stimulant, a pupil dilation for eye examination, and an effective antidote for some nerve gas poisoning

Answer 56

atropine

Question 56

(Nicotania tobacum) functions as phytoalexin

Answer 56

Nicotine

Question 57

– Also called terpenes, occur in all plant cells are by far the largest class of secondary metabolites, with over 22,000 terpenoid compounds described

Answer 57

terpenoids

Question 57

a gas emitted in significant quantities by the leaves of many plant species and is largely responsible for the bluish haze that hovers over wooded hills and mountains in summer - made in chloroplast from carbon dioxide recently converted to organic compounds by photosynthesis

Answer 57

Isoprene

Question 58

– monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids, they contribute to the fragrance, or essence, of the plants that produce them - produce by the leaves of some plants deter herbivores, some protect against attack by fungi or bacteria, while others are known to be allelopathic - the terpenoid of flower fragrances attract insect pollinators to the flowers

Answer 58

essential oils

Question 58

known to have anti-cancer properties

Answer 58

taxol

Question 58

large quantities of volatile monoterpenoids (menthol and methone) are both synthesized and stored in glandular hairs (trichomes), which are outgrowths of the epidermis

Answer 58

Mint (mentha)

Question 59

can result in slower and strengthened heartbeat when used medicinally

Answer 59

cardiac glycosides

Question 60

largest known terpenoid compound

Answer 60

rubber

Question 61

 Hydroxyl group (--OH) attached to an aromatic ring (a ring of six carbons containing three double bonds)  Almost universally present in plants and are known to accumulate in plant parts (roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits)

Answer 61

phenolics

Question 62

range in color from red through purple to blue

Answer 62

anthocyanin

Question 63

yellowish or ivory-colored pigments and some are colorless; can alter the color of a plant part through the formation of complexes with anthocyanins and metal ions. This phenomenon, called co-pigmentation.

Answer 63

flavones & flavonols

Question 64

- against herbivore (i.e. bitter taste) - anti-bacterial (denature protein in leather)

Answer 64

tannins

Question 65

adds compressive strength and stiffness to the cell wall

Answer 65

lignins

Question 66

active ingredient in aspirin; essential for the development of systemic acquired resistance, commonly known as SAR. SAR develops in response to a localized attack by pathogenic bacteria, fungi, or viruses

Answer 66

salicylic acid

Question 67

makes up more than half of all living matter and more than 90 percent of the weight of most plant tissues

Answer 67

water