Respiration Flashcards
(37 cards)
what is respiration?
A biochemical process of releasing energy by breaking down of glucose for life processes.
State 5 characteristics of respiration
- The energy producing part of respiration occurs in the cell so it is known as cellular or tissue respiration.
- Breakdown on glucose occurs in the mitochondria or cytoplasm
- Each breakdown occurs due to an enzyme
- Not all energy is in the form of heat some is converted to ATP
- Important steps are the same in plants and animals.
Why do we need energy?
- Too keep our bodies warm
- Contraction of muscles
- Synthesis of proteins
- Production of enzymes
- Production of new cells by cell division
- Conduction of electrical impulses in a nerve cell.
Why do animals need excess heat?
Animals need to hunt for feed, take care of their young ones, keep their bodies warm, and chew their food. That is why they need more energy.
What happens to flesh-eaters whose main diet consists of proteins? For what animals is this applicable?
After a chain of amino acids, the proteins are broken down in the liver to produce glucose. excess glucose is converted to glycogen this process of conversion is known as glycogenesis. While the nitrogenous part of the proteins is excreted out of the body as urea.
Wild animals as well as humans whose diet consists mainly of proteins.
What is anaerobic respiration in humans?
Anaerobic respiration occurs in our muscles when during extensive exercises. This causes lactic acid to be produced and the accumulation of lactic acid gives us a sense of fatigue and tiredness. When we rest, the lactic acid gets oxidized and we can say that the debt is cleared.
Give the formula for aerobic respiration in animals.
C6H12O6 + 602 - 6CO2 = 6H2O+ 38 ATP + 420 kcal (or 686 kcal as 1 atp is equal to 7 kcal)
Give the formula for anaerobic respiration in animals
C6H12O6 - lactic acid + 2 ATP + heat energy
Characteristics of anaerobic respiration
- It is a slow process
- Products are lactic acid and heat
- No CO2
- Lees energy compared to aerobic respiration is produced.
Describe the 4 parts of respiration in detail.
Breathing - the physical process of taking in and forcing out air from the lungs.
Gaseous transport -
The arteries carry oxygen absorbed by the RBC as oxyhaemoglobin. Carbon dioxide from the tissue is transported to the lungs in 2 ways carbamino-haemoglobin or bicarbonates dissolved in plasma.
Tissue respiration - capillaries transport exygenated blood to the
Where does the kreb’s cycle occur??
in the mitochindria
Where does gylycolysis occur??
in the cytoplasm
Arrange them in the correct order -
pharynx, bronchi, larynx, nose, lungs, trachea
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
SN on the nose.
- we have 2 nostrils separated by a cartilaginous septum
- hairs prevent large particles from entering
- sense of smell
Functions of the Nasal chamber
warms the air it passes over
adds moisture to the hair
mucus secretions entrap harmful particles
SN on the pharynx
- The nasal chamber opens into the pharynx
- it leads to the trachea and oesophagus (lies dorsally behind the trachea)
- the trachea is guarded by a flap called eppiglottis which closes while swallowing food
- incomplete closure during swallowing can lead to coughing
What is the larynx?
The larynx also known as the voice box or adam’s apple consists of 2 ligamentous folds called vocal chords. when these vocal chords vibrate they produce sound.
What is the trachea protected by? What are it’s functions?
The trachea is protected by C-shaped cartilages incomplete at the back.
They help with flexibility and keeping the trachea distended.
Short note on bronchi
- close to the lungs the trachea divides into 2 branches called bronchi.
- while entering the lungs the bronchi divide into secondary bronchi which devide into tertiary bronchi which keep dividing until they form bronchioles which ultimately end up as air sacs called alveoli.
How is the inner lining of the respiratory passage protected?
My mucus secreting goblet cells and ciliated epithelium.
Why is the left lung smaller than the right? how many lobes do each on them have?
The left lung is smaller to accomodate the heart. Left lung has 2 lobes while the right lung has 3.
What is the membranous covering of the lungs?
Perietal and Visceral pleura with a pleural fluid in between.
Perietal - outer
Visceral - inner
Explain how blood gets oxygenated.
The right auricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the right ventricle and via the main pulmonary artery to the lungs. The arteries redivide many times to forms capillaries around the alveoli. By gasous transport the blood gets oxygenated and travels via veins to the left auricle which pumps the blood through the left ventricle and to all parts of the body.
Inspiration and expiration differentiate.
INSPIRATION
- ribs move upwards and outwards
- external intercostal muscles are stretched
- internal intercostal muscles are relaxed
- diaphragm contracts and flattens
- chest cavity increases
- Low pressure is formed
- Air rushes in
EXPIRATION
- ribs move inwards
- external intercostal muscles relax
- internal intercostal muscles contract
- diaphragm relaxes and becomes dome shaped
- chest cavity decreases
- High pressure is formed
- air rushes out
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