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ZOO 306 > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

the process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells

A

respiration

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2
Q

air movement from and to lungs

A

ventilation

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3
Q

exchange of gases between air in lungs and blood

A

external respiration

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4
Q

exchange of gases between blood and body cells

A

internal respiration

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5
Q

O2 use and production of CO2 by body cells to harness energy from chemical bonds

A

cellular respiration

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6
Q

cells get energy from removing electrons and channeling them thru ETC to get water and CO2

A

aerobic respiration

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7
Q

nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx

A

upper respiratory tract

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8
Q

larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs

A

lower respiratory tract

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9
Q

muscles, skin, bone, cartilage; holes provide openings for air to enter and leave, internal hairs

A

nose

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10
Q

turbinate bones; form passageways (superior, middle, inferior); support mucous membranes of the nasal cavity and increases surface area

A

nasal conchae

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11
Q

hollow space behind nose; divided medially into right and left sides by nasal septum; cribriform plate separates this from cranial cavity and hard palate from oral cavity

A

nasal cavity

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12
Q

conducts air to and from nasopharynx; olfactory receptors provide sense of smell; psuefostratified ciliated epithelium with goblet cells

A

nose functions

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13
Q

air-filled spaces in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones; reduce weight of skull; resonant chambers that affect voice quality open into nasal cavity with mucous membranes

A

sinuses

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14
Q

posterior to nasal, oral, larynx; passageway fo mood moving from oral cavity to esophagus and air passages to larynx; aids in speech sounds and divides into three parts

A

pharynx

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15
Q

three parts of pharynx

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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16
Q

communicates with nasal cavity and air passage for breathing; auditory tubes open here

A

nasopharynx

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17
Q

food and air passage way from nasal cavity

A

oropharynx

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18
Q

extends fro upper epiglottis to cricoid cartilage and pharynx; continuous with esophagus and larynx

A

laryngopharynx

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19
Q

enlargement in airway superior to trachea; air passage in and out of trachea; prevents objects from entering trachea; houses vocal cords; framework of muscles and cartilage bones with elastic cartilage

A

larynx

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20
Q

three largest cartilage of larynx

A

thyroid, cricoid (both hyaline) and epiglottis

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21
Q

shield-like structure “Adam’s apple;” protrusion is more in males due to male sex hormones

A

thyroid cartilage

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22
Q

inferior to thyroid cartilage; lower most portion of pharynx

A

cricoid cartilage

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23
Q

elastic; attached to upper thyroid; central part of epiglottis

A

epiglottis cartilage

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24
Q

strands upright; allows for air to enter larynx; base of tongue pushes it down

A

epiglottis

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25
Q

attachments for muscles; helps regular tension on vocal cords and aid in closing larynx during swallowing

A

arytenoid and corniculate cartilages

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26
Q

small cylindrical structure sis mucous membrane between epiglottis and arytenoid; stiffen soft tissues of region

A

cuneiform cartilages

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27
Q

vestibular folds; don’t produce sounds’ muscle within helps close larynx during swallowing

A

false vocal cords

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28
Q

have elastic fibers, responsible for vocal sounds created when air is forced between these folds; creating vibrations; pitch is created there constracting/relaxing laryngeal muscles

A

true vocal cords

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29
Q

opening between true vocal cords; false vocal cords close glottis during swallowing

A

glottis

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30
Q

windpipe; flexible cylindrical tube (2.5 cm diameter, 12.5 cm length); anterior to esophagus; splits into R/L main branch in thoracic cavity

A

trachea

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31
Q

contains 20 C-shaped hyaline cartilage pieces that prevent this from collapsing and blocking airway; open ends=smooth muscle that allows esophagus to expand

A

trachea

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32
Q

branched airways leading from trachea to air sacs in lungs (alveoli)

A

bronchial tree

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33
Q

branch directly off the trachea

A

R/” main (primary) bronchi

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34
Q

ridge of cartilage that separates main bronchi openings

A

carina

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35
Q

each main bronchus divides into these; branch repeatedly (3)

A

lobar (secondary) bronchi

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36
Q

supple bronchopulmonary depends; 10 in R lung, 8 in left L

A

segmental (tertiary) bronchi

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37
Q

small branches of segmental bronchi; enter lobules of lungs

A

intralobal bronchioles

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38
Q

from intralobar bronchioles; 50-80 occupy a lobule of the lung

A

terminal bronchioles

39
Q

a few air sacs but from their sides for gas exchange; 2 or more per terminal bronchiole

A

respiratory bronchioles

40
Q

from each respiratory bronchioles

A

alveolar ducts

41
Q

thin walled, closely packed outpouchings of alveolar ducts

A

alveolar sacs

42
Q

thin walled microscopic sacs that open to an alveolar sac; site of gas exchange between inhaled air and bloodstream

A

alveoli

43
Q

soft, spongy, cone-shaped; suspended by bronchus & large blood vessels

A

lungs

44
Q

tubular structures that enter lung on medial surface thru here

A

hilum

45
Q

potential peace between visceral and parietal pleurae; thin film of serous fluid; reduces friction; holds membranes together

A

pleural cavity

46
Q

Which lung is larger?

A

R lung (3 lobules vs. 2 lobules) superior, middle, inferior

47
Q

a lobe that contains terminal bronchioles with their alveolar ducts, sacs, alveoli, nerves, blood and lymphatic vessels

A

lobules

48
Q

inhalation; at rest, pressures are equal on outside and inside

A

inspiration

49
Q

pressure & volume are inversely related; for a fixed amount of an idea gas kept at a fixed temperature (when one increases, the other decreases); gases move down a concentration gradient

A

Boyle’s Law

50
Q

at sea level, all partial pressures must add up to 760; the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of gases in the mixture

A

Dalton’s Law

51
Q

the pressure entered by each of the constituents of a multure of gases; control the movement of gases in our bodies; gases will move down a concentration gradient; determined by the concentration of that gas in a picture of gases or the concentration of gas dissolved in a liquid=PP of gas

A

partial pressure

52
Q

contains anterior skeletal muscle fibers (costal fibers) and posterior (crural fibers)

A

diaphragm

53
Q

created by attraction of water molecules that may make it difficult to inflate the alveoli

A

surface tension

54
Q

a mixture of lipoproteins created by certain alveolar cells that reduce the alveoli’s tendency to collapse; when lung volume is low; eases inspiratory efforts to expand alveoli

A

surfactant

55
Q

ease with which lungs can expand as a result of pressure changes during breathing, decreases as lung volume increases

A

compliance (distensibility)

56
Q

exhalation; forces responsible for normal resting exhalation come from the elastic recoil of lung tissues and abdominal organs from surface tension

A

expiration

57
Q

volume of air that enters or leaves the airways and alveoli during a respiratory cycle; 500 mL of air enter during normal resting inspirational same leaves (resting TV)

A

tidal volume

58
Q

volume of air in addition to resting RC during forced max inspiration (complemental air) that enters lungs ~3,000mL

A

inspiratory reserve volume

59
Q

volume of air in addition to resting TV that can be expelled from lungs during a forced maximal expiration (supplemental air) ~1,100 mL

A

expiratory reserve volume

60
Q

volume of air that remains in lungs even after a maximal expiratory effort (~1,200mL)

A

residual volume

61
Q

maximal volume of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath; 4,600 mL

A

vital capacity

62
Q

vital capacity equation

A

VC=TV+IRV+ERV

63
Q

maximum volume of air that can be inhaled following exhalation of resting TV, 3,500 mL

A

inspiratory capacity

64
Q

equation of inspiratory capacity

A

IC=TV+IRV

65
Q

volume of air that remains in the lungs following exhalation of resting TV, 2,300mL

A

functional residual capacity

66
Q

FRC equatiokn

A

FRC=ERV+RV

67
Q

total volume of air that the lungs can hold; 5,800mL

A

total lung capacity

68
Q

TLC equation

A

TLC=VC+RV

69
Q

~150mL; air that enters the respiratory tract during breathing that does not reach the alveoli; remains in trachea, bronchi, & bronchioles

A

anatomic dead space

70
Q

due to poor blood flow of adjacent capillaries, alveoli in some regions do not function

A

alveolar dead space

71
Q

anatomic + alveolar dead space

A

physiologic dead space

72
Q

volume of air moved into respiratory passages each minute; equals TV times breathing rate

A

minute ventilation

73
Q

the physiologic dead space subtracted from TV by breaking rate; major factor in affecting gas exchange between alveolar air and blood; concentrations of O2 and CO2 in alveoli; available for gas exchange w/ blood

A

alveolar ventilation rate

74
Q

air movements other than breathing; clear air passages (cough, sneeze) or express emotion (crying, laughing)

A

non respiratory movements

75
Q

2 bilateral groups of neurons; extend thru medulla

A

medullary respiratory group

76
Q

2 groups of medullary respiratory center

A

ventral and dorsal

77
Q

controls basic rhythm of breathing; exhalation

A

ventral respiratory group

78
Q

stimulates inspiratory muscles (diaphragm); helps process sensory information related to inspiration

A

dorsal respiratory group

79
Q

aka pneumatic center; rhythm of breathing by limiting respiration

A

poutine respiratory group

80
Q

Factors affecting breathing

A

pO2, pCO2 in body fluids; lung tissue stretching, emotional state, PA levels

81
Q

monitor blood pH; in ventral

A

central chemoreceptors

82
Q

sense changes in blood pO2 in carotid bodies and aortic bodies; decreased pO2 stimulates these to send impulses to respiratory center, BR and TV increase, which increases alveolar ventilation; stimulated by change sin blood pH( pH lowers, CO2 does not)

A

peripheral chemoreceptors

83
Q

inflation reflex; occurs when stretch receptors in visceral plea, bronchioles, and alveoli are stimulated thru stretch; presents overinflation

A

Hering-Bruer reflex

84
Q

breathing that lowers blood CO2 concentrations below normal

A

hyperventilation

85
Q

tiny openings in some alveolar walks that may permit air to pass from one alveolus to another; provide alternate pathway if obstruction occurs

A

alveolar pores

86
Q

in pores; phagocytize airborne agents; cleaning

A

alveolar macophages

87
Q

secretes pulmonary surfectant

A

type II alveolus membrane

88
Q

simple squamous; bulk of wall

A

type I alveolus membrane

89
Q

alveolar and capillary walls where gas exchange occurs

A

respiratory membrane (1micrometer)

90
Q

CO2 binding hemoglobin; readily decomposes where pCO2 is low

A

carbaminohemoglobin

91
Q

HCO3; CO2 reacts with H20 to form carbonic acid

A

bicarb

92
Q

speeds up reaction between CO2 and water

A

carbonic anhydrase

93
Q

buffer; H+ binds to it

A

deoxyhemoglobin

94
Q

exchange of chloride ions from plasma–>RBCs and bicarb leaves RBCs–>plasma; maintains ionic blanace between RBCs and plasma

A

chloride shift

ZOO 306 (2 decks)

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