Respiration Flashcards
(36 cards)
What is the equation for aerobic respiration?
Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water
Why does glucose need to be converted into ATP?
If glucose were to be directly used by cells it would take a long time to convert to and would produce too much energy. ATP energy is instantaneously released and is provided in small useful amounts. It is also small enough to be transported all around the cell.
Why does glucose need to be Brocken down slowly and controlled by an enzyme?
If all carbon bonds were broken at once most of the energy would be lost as heat and cells would die.
What is the first stage or respiration and what is its equation?
Glycolysis
Glucose –> 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2NADH
Since 2 hydrogens are removed, 2 loaded NADH are made.
Where does glycloisis occur?
In the cytosol of the cell.
What is the second stage of aerobic respiration and where does it occur?
The Krebs cycle.
Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria.
What is the third stage of aerobic respiration and where does it occur?
Electron transport chain.
Occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria, the inner membrane.
What are the products for aerobic respiration? (3)
Carbon dioxide
Water
A total of 36 or 38 molecules of ATP
(Stage1 -2ATP) (Stage2 -34 or 36ATP)
What happens in glycolysis, the first stage or aerobic respiration?
Pyruvate is formed and then energy released produces 2 ATP molecules. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is transported to the mitochondria.
What is anaerobic repsiration?
Anaerobic respiration is a process in which organisms produce energy in absence of oxygen.
What are the functions of mitochondria? (3)
- atp production
- generate heat
- mediate cell death
Where does lactic acid fermentation occur?
In animal cells.
where does alcohol fermentation occur?
In plant and yeast cells
What are the products of anaerobic respiration in animals? (2)
- Lactic acid
- 2 ATP
What are the products of anaerobic respiration in plant cells and yeast? (3)
- Ethanol
- CO2
- 2 ATP
How is the rate of cellular respiration affected? (4)
- temp
- glucose concentration
- oxygen concentration
- pH
If a cell had depleted all of its glycogen stores, what would be the next source of fuel? (2)
- lipid
- protein
why would a cell have a high number of mitochondria?
The cell must be a very active cell and require large amount of energy to perfrom its tasks.
Eg muscle or liver cell
In aerobic respiration the final product of the electron transport chain combines with…?
Oxygen
Although the starting points of anaerobic respiration in human muscle tissue and yeast cells are the same, they produce different end products. Briefly explain.
Yeast and muscles cells contain different enzymes, so they will not undergo the same process to break down glucose
- enzyme in yeast cells that breaks down pyruvate to ethanol and carbon dioxide
- enzyme in human muscle tissue that breaks down pyruvate to lactate.
Why does an increase in concentration of oxygen or glucose will increase the rate of cellular respiration?
- Oxygen and glucose are reactants necessary for cellular respiration.
- Respiration is a biochemical pathway controlled by (many different) enzymes.
- Increasing the [substrate or reactant] increases the chance that a substrate/reactant molecule will collide with an active site/enzyme molecule.
During glycolysis, a molecule of glucose is used to produce…?
pyruvate, ATP and NADH
What occurs in the electron transport chain?
- electrons are passing along electron acceptors or a series of cytochromes
- oxygen captures electrons which are combined with hydrogen
- carrier molecules give up hydrogen as it is passed along
What are the end products of the electron transport chain?
- water: oygen is then combined with h+ ions
- ATP
