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Biochemistry > Respiration L8 > Flashcards

Respiration L8 Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

what is respiration

A

process by which cells break down simple food molecules (carbohydrates), such as sugar, and release energy they contain

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2
Q

what is the release of energy for biological systems

A

Released as small packets of energy – step wise

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3
Q

why do biological systems use a lower temperature

A

don’t use high temperature to reach activation energy to break down sugar molecules as use enzymes

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4
Q

what causes free energy released as heat

A

direct burning of sugar in non-living systems

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5
Q

what does all free energy release require

A

large activation energy overcome by heat from a fire

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6
Q

how much energy is stored in direct burning of sugar in non-living system

A

none is stored

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7
Q

how much energy is stored in stepwise oxidation of sugar in cells

A

some energy stored in activated carrier molecules

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8
Q

how many stages of respiration are there

A

three

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9
Q

what is stage 1 of respiration

A 
outside cell (some broken in cell by lysosomes)
proteins are broken down to amino acids
polysaccharides broken down to simple sugars
fats broken down to fatty acids and glycerol
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10
Q

what is stage 2 of respiration

A

Breakdown of simple subunits to acetyl CoA; limited amount of ATP and NADH made

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11
Q

what is stage 3 of respiration

A

Complete acetyl CoA oxidation to water and carbon dioxide

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12
Q

what happens once sugar or amino acid enter cytosol or mitochondria

A

converted into high energy carriers, energy is extracted in the form of ATP and NADH used in electron transport chain

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13
Q

what happens in glycolysis if aerobic

A

6C glucose to two 3C pyruvate

can come into mitochondria and converted into acetyl CoA 2C, enters TCA cycle - cycle makes NADH and FADH2

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14
Q

how much ATP is used in glycolysis

A

2

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15
Q

how much ATP is made in glycolysis

A

4

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16
Q

how much NADH is made in glycolysis

A

2

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17
Q

what happens in glycolysis if anaerobic

A

pyruvate fermented into ethanol (yeast fermentation) or lactate (muscle fermentation)

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18
Q

where does TCA cycle / krebs cycle happen

A

mitochondria

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19
Q

where does the electron transport chain happen

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

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20
Q

where does glycolysis happen

A

cytosol

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21
Q

where does fermentation happen

A

cytosol

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22
Q

what happens to the products of glycolysis

A

NADH and FADH2 can be used in electron transport to generate ATP

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23
Q

how much energy is made in glycolysis

A

small amount of energy

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24
Q

how much oxygen is used in glycolysis

A

oxygen not involved

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25
what is fermentation designed for
recycle NADH so that Glycolysis can continue
26
what happens in fermentation
Makes carbon dioxide NAD+ regeneration NADH used up to make NAD+ which is fed back into glycolysis
27
what happens under aerobic conditions of pyruvate
actively pumped into the mitochondrial matrix
28
how is acetyl CoA made
pyruvate is decarboxylated by Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex to produce Acetyl CoA
29
What is pyruvate dehydrogenase complex made up of
1. Pyruvate dehydrogenase 2. Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase 3. Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase
30
what happens to acetyl CoA
enters TCA cycle
31
what is the TCA cycle
Tricarboxylic acid cycle | Krebs cycle
32
how much NADH made in TCA cycle
3
33
how much FADH2 made in TCA cycle
1
34
how much GTP (ATP) made in TCA cycle
1
35
how many carbon dioxide is made in TCA cycle
2 molecules
36
what does the TCA cycle generate
generates high-energy electrons carried by activated carrier molecules NADH and FADH2 that are passed on to electron-transport chain
37
what happens to NADH and FADH2 in electron transport chain
NADH and FADH2 are oxidised back to NAD and FAD
38
what happens to electron from NADH (FADH2) in electron transport chain
electron carriers are donated to oxygen to form water
39
how are the electron carriers organised
into groups of carriers-complexes
40
what are the electron carriers associated with
proton pumps
41
what do proton pumps do in electron transport chain
pump protons out of the mitochondria | sets up a gradient across inner membrane
42
what does the proton gradient for in electron transport chain
used to provide energy for ATP synthesis
43
what is the process that occurs in electron transport chain
oxidative phosphorylation
44
what happens in the movement of electrons in TCA cycle
movement of electrons coupled to pumping of protons that creates a steep proton gradient
45
how is ATP made in electron transport chain
ATP synthase uses energy stored in electrochemical proton gradient to produce ATP
46
what does electron transport chain drive
drives synthesis of majority of ATP in most cells
47
what does ATP synthase use
energy stored in electrochemical proton gradient to make ATP
48
how many protons are pumped across the membrane in oxidative phosphorylation
during oxidation of NADH an electron pair causes 10 protons to be pumped across membrane
49
how many protons are needed in oxidative phosphorylation to make ATP
4 protons are needed to make each ATP
50
how many protons are needed in oxidative phosphorylation to export ATP
1 proton for export of ATP to cytosol
51
how many protons are needed in oxidative phosphorylation for ATP synthesis
3 protons for ADP to ATP transfer | ATP synthesis
52
how many ATP molecules are released from oxidation of one glucose molecule
complete oxidation of 1 molecule of glucose releases about 30 molecules of ATP
53
what else does respiration provide (not just energy)
Intermediates withdrawn from these pathways to provide carbon for synthesis of a large number of macromolecules
54
what is at the centre of metabolism
glycolysis | TCA cycle
55
what must work for for all the respiration pathways to work
many sets of reactions are carefully coordinated and controlled
56
what are the controls of glycolysis
glucose breakdown and glucose synthesis are carefully controlled
57
what are the three key steps in glycolysis that can't be reversed
hexokinase phophofructokinase pyruvate kinase
58
what enzymes bypass the steps in glycolysis that can't be reversed
glucose-6-Phosphate fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase pep carboxykinase
59
how do cells decide when to synthesise glucose or degrade it
feedback regulation allows cells to switch from glucose breakdown to glucose synthesis
60
what activates glycolysis
high levels of fructose-6-phosphate
61
what inhibits glycolysis
too much pyruvate entering TCA cycle OR high energy
62
what inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase
ATP acetyl CoA NADH
63
what inhibits isocitrate dehydrogenase
NADH | ATP
64
what activates isocitrate dehydrogenase
ADP
65
what inhibits ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
NADH ATP Succinyl CoA
66
what is gluconeogensis
Generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
67
what molecules are used in gluconeogenesis to make glucose
pyruvate lactate glycerol some amino acids
68
what happens in gluconeogenesis
Fasting Starvation Intense exercise
69
why is gluconeogenesis important
one of the main mechanisms to maintain glucose levels in the blood
70
where does gluconeogenesis occur
mainly takes place in liver and kidneys
71
what is the key mechanism in lactate recycling
gluconeogenesis
72
where is lactate generated
primarily in muscle cells during intense exercise
73
where is glucose moved to from liver, to be used in what mechanism
Glucose then returns to the muscle cells from liver where it is used for Glycolysis
74
what do animal cells store
glycogen to provide energy in times of fasting

Biochemistry (13 decks)

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