Respiratory 1 Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
Attaches to the surface of the lung
A
Visceral Pleura:
2
Q
Covers the surface of the chest wall, diaphragm, and mediastinum
A
Parietal Pleura:
3
Q
Contains a very thin layer of pleural fluid under negative pressure.
A
Pleural Space:
4
Q
The pressure in the pleural space is referred to as the
A
Intrapleural Pressure (PIP)
5
Q
____ is subatmospheric pressure, which ensures that the lungs are held to the chest wall and will move with the chest wall during inspiration & expiration.
A
Intrapleural Pressure PIP
6
Q
A _______ is excess fluid in the pleural space, which makes lung Expansion difficult so the person will breathe shallow and fast.
A
pleural effusion
7
Q
The right lung has ____ lobes
A
three
8
Q
The left lung has ____ lobes
A
2
9
Q
T/F: Each lung has zones that differ in the amount of air (ventilation; V) and blood (perfusion; Q) that they receive.
A
True
10
Q
There is greater ventilation (V) of alveoli and blood flow (Q) into capillaries in zone ___ compared to the other zones.
A
3
11
Q
Best region for gas exchange. Normally, most of the lungs are zones ___ and ____
A
3 and 2
12
Q
Which zone does a healthy lung not have?
A
Zone 1
13
Q
What are the 2 zones of the airways?
A
Conducting zone and Respiratory zone
14
Q
In what zone of airways does gas exchange of gases occur?
A
Respiratory zone
15
Q
Amount of air in function zone of air way is called ____
A
anatomic dead space
16
Q
The diameter of the tubes ______ as you move down
A
decreases
17
Q
the number tubes ______ as you move down
A
increases
18
Q
There is a large _____ in surface area as you move deeper into the conducting zone and exchange surfaces.
A
increase
19
Q
Airways have a ______ in cartilage and an _____ in smooth muscle as you move along the airways.
A
decrease; increase
20
Q
In the ____ Zone of airways, air is warmed, humidified and filtered.
A
Conducting
21
Q
______ prevents collapse of airways
A
Cartilage
22
Q
______ alters resistance to airflow of airways
A
Smooth muscle
23
Q
The ____ Zone of airways has a Greater Surface Area to Optimize the Surface Area Available for Gas Exchange.
A
Respiratory
24
Q
Total cross-sectional area greatly increases in the respiratory zone, so velocity of air flow this zone is ____.
A
low
25
The basement membrane of the endothelium and of the alveolar epithelium are ____.
fused
26
What are the 3 cells types in alveoli?
Type 1 cells, Type 2 alveolar, and Macrophages
27
What kind of cell is the type 1 cell in alveoli?
Simple squamous epithelial cell
28
What does the type 2 alveolar cell produce in alveoli?
Surfactant
29
The typical transit time at rest for an erythrocyte through an alveolar capillary is ____ seconds.
0.75 seconds
30
Gas exchange is usually complete in ____ seconds, so even during exercise when the capillary transit time is faster, there is still time for gas exchange to reach diffusion equilibrium
0.25 seconds
31
What is the PACO2 in diffusion equilibrium?
40 mm Hg
32
What is the PAO2 in diffusion equilibrium?
100 mm Hg
33
What types of muscles are respiratory muscles?
Skeletal muscles
34
Where are the neurons for respiratory located in brain?
Medulla and pons
35
____ Muscles: –Diaphragm, external intercostals–Contraction INCREASES the size of the thorax and lungs (causing decreasing PALV)
Inspiratory muscles
36
___ Muscles: used for forced expiration only–Internal Intercostals, abdominal muscles–Contraction DECREASES the size of the thorax and lungs (causing
increased PALV)
Expiratory muscles
37
What muscles are involved in inspiration?
SCM, scalenes, external intercostals, and diaphragm
38
What muscles are involved in forced expiration?
Internal intercostals, external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominus, and rectus abdominus
39
The _______ is the primary inspiratory muscle. It arches over the liver and moves down like a piston when it contracts, which increases the size of the thoracic cavity and reduces the pressure in the thorax/lungs.
diaphragm
40
The ______ muscles push abdominal contents up against the diaphragm (compressing the lungs)
abdominal
41
and the _____ depress the ribs
internal intercostals
42
Air moves from _____ pressure to _____ pressure
high; low
43
What is the equation for Boyle's law?
P1V1 = P2V2
44
If pressure increases, volume will _____
decrease
45
For air to ENTER the lungs, the pressure in the alveoli (PALV) must be ____ than atmospheric pressure (PATM)
lower
46
For air to LEAVE the lungs, the pressure in the alveoli (PALV) must be _____ than atmospheric pressure (PATM)
higher
47
Do lungs want to recoil in or out?
In
48
Does chest want to recoil in or out?
Out
49
The elastic recoil of the lungs favors a _____ in lung volume or compression
decrease
50
What are the 2 reasons why The elastic recoil of the lungs favors a decrease in lung volume or compression
Elastic fibers and surface tension
51
The _____ fluid overcomes that recoil, keeping the two attached together, so when the chest (thorax) moves, the lungs move with it.
intrapleural
52
What is the equation for transmural/ transpulmonary pressure?
PTP = Palv – Pip
53
The transmural/ transpulmonary pressure must ____ to produce inspiration
Increase
54
The transmural/ transpulmonary pressure must ____ to produce expiration
Decrease
55
If PIP= PATM, then PTP is 0 and there is no longer a force to keep the lungs open called ___
(Pneumothorax).
56
____ Begin at rest when Patm = P
Inspiration
57
Inspiratory Muscles contract and the VOLUME of the thorax (and lungs) ____
increases.
58
What is the tidal volume of the lungs
500 mL
59
What is relaxed breathing called?
Eupnea
60
In expiration, how are volume and pressure changed?
Volume decreases and pressure increases
61
For ____, Palv < Patm
inspiration
62
For _____, Palv > Patm
expiration
63
ability of the lung to stretch
Lung compliance
64
lung’s ability to return to its normal, resting position.
elasticity—
65
Alveoli in the _____ of the lungs are more compliant and undergo greater expansion during inspiration
base
66
Lungs with lower compliance (ex. Pulmonary Fibrosis)require a larger ______ to increase volume
transpulmonary pressure (PTP)
67
____ disease (ex. Pulmomary Fibrosis) decreased compliance: Will breathe shallow and fast to reduce the work of breathing.
Restrictive Lung Disease
68
_______ (ex. Emphysema)Elastic fibers destroyed increased compliance: Will breathe deep and slowly to reduce the work of breathing.
Obstructive Lung Disease
69
Force that occurs at any gas-liquid interface due to the cohesive forces between liquid molecules.
Surface Tension:
70
_____ Accounts for Two-Thirds ofPulmonary Elasticity
Surface Tension
71
_____ Accounts for the remaining one-Third of Pulmonary Elasticity
Elastic fibers in the lungs
72
The _______ describes the relationship between surface tension and radius of an alveolus.
Law of LaPlace
73
If two alveoli are connected and the surface tension of each is equal, the pressure in the small alveolus is greater. Because of this, air will flow into the _________ alveolus.
Larger
74
____ reduces surface tension and equalizes pressure between alveoli of different sizes.
Surfactant
75
____ is secreted by Type II alveolar cells. It decreases surface tension (thus elasticity) and increases compliance.
Pulmonary surfactant
76
Surfactant _____ surface tension
Decreases
77
Surfactant _____ compliance
Increases
78
Surfactant is primarily made up of _____
phospholipids
79
Surfactant decreases the work of ______
inspiration.
80
Surfactant production is ______ with hyperinflation of the lungs (sighing and yawning), exercise and Beta-adrenergic agonists.
increased
81
Multiple pathologies are associated with decreases in _______ production – Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Chronic Smoking
surfactant
82
: EPI on β2, Decreased O2, IncreasedCO2
Bronchodilation
83
: ACH on M, Increased O2, Decreased CO2, Histamine
Bronchoconstriction
84
The airways with the smallest radius (r) have the ____ individual resistance (R), but the total resistance (R) of that generation is the ____.
highest; smallest
85
Tidal volume should be around _____
500 mL
86
____ mL of Anatomic dead space per pound of ideal body weight, which is the conducting zone of the respiratory system.
1 mL
87
____ = IRV + ERV + TV
Vital Capacity. a.VC
88
______ = VC + RV
Total Lung Capacity. a.TLC
89
_____ = TV + IRV
Inspiratory Capacity a.IC
90
______ = ERV + RV
Functional Residual Capacity a. FRC
91
Minute, Pulmonary or Total Ventilation = _____ x ____
Tidal volume (ml/breath) X Respiration Rate (breaths/minute)
92
____ = (Tidal volume – Dead Space Volume) X Respiration Rate
Alveolar Ventilation
93
______ = Tidal volume (ml/breath) X Respiration Rate (breaths/minute)
Minute, Pulmonary or Total Ventilation
94
It is better to breathe deeper instead or faster
deeper
95
T/F: It is better to breathe deeper instead of faster as deeper breaths get more air into the respiratory zone for gas exchange!
True
96
Volume of air forcibly expired after maximal inhalation
Forced Vital Capacity (FVC):
97
Fraction of FVC expired during the first second
Forced Expiration Volume 1 (FEV1):
98
Normal FEV1/FVC = ____
0.8 (80%)
99
Increased rate or volume due to higher metabolism; Ex. exercise
Hypernea
100
Increased rate or volume without increased metabolism; Ex. emotions; blowing up a balloon
Hyperventilation
101
Decreased alveolar ventilation
Hypoventilation
102
Rapid breathing rate usually with decreased depth
Tachypnea
103
Difficulty breathing; air hunger
Dyspnea
104
Normal, quiet breathing takes ____% of total body energy
3-5%
105
____ diseases •Due to increased Airway Resistance
Obstructive
106
___ diseases include: Asthma–Emphysema–Bronchitis–Cystic Fibrosis
Obstructive diseases
107
____ diseases include: Pulmonary fibrosis
Restrictive diseases
108
____ diseases: due to decreased lung compliance
Restrictive diseases
109
Do obstructive diseases primarily impact expiration or inspiration?
Expiration
110
Do restrictive diseases primarily impact expiration or inspiration?
Inspiration
111
Individuals with obstructive diseases will breathe ____ and ____
slow and deep.
112
Individuals with restrictive diseases will breathe ____ and ____
fast and shallow.
113
____ is a IgE Mediated -Type I Hypersensitivity Reaction
Atopic Asthma
114
In _____, An allergen leads to an inflammatory response that causes bronchospasms that obstruct airflow. Chronic inflammation can lead to impaired mucociliary response, edema and increased airway responsiveness.
Atopic Asthma
115
Treatment Options for ____:Quick-relief medications: β2 agonists, anticholinergic agents, etc. Long-term medications: inhaled corticosteroids, long-acting bronchodilators, etc.
Atopic Asthma
116
_____ can occur with respiratory infections, exercise, hyperventilation, cold air, inhaled irritants, aspirin and other NSAIDS
Nonatopic Asthma
117
Autosomal recessive disorder resulting in defective chloride ion transport (mutation in CFTR ion channel) that results in an abnormally thick mucus that obstructs airways.
Cystic Fibrosis
118
Treatments for ______: •Antibiotics•Chest Physical Therapy (percussion and postural drainage)•Mucolytic agents•Pancreatic enzyme replacement
Cystic Fibrosis
119
Destruction of elastic fibers & enlargement of airspaces due to destruction of airspace walls.
Emphysema
120
_____ Leads to...... (1)Airway collapse which increases R and decreases F (2)Damage to alveolar membrane so decreased gas exchange.(3) decreased Elasticity and increased Compliance
Emphysema
121
Normally the enzyme _____ inactivates elastase before it can destroy the elastic fibers.
α1-anti-trypsin
122
______ Diseases:
1. Any pulmonary problem that limits lung expansion (decreases lung compliance)
2. Tissue injury leads to chronic inflammation and the normal architecture of the lungs is disrupted and is replaced with scar tissue/fibrosis (the collagen fibers decrease lung compliance)
3. Low compliance
4. Work of breathing increases
Restrictive Respiratory
123
____ diseases:
Patient finds it much more difficult to inhale; Patient breathes fast and shallow. Because shallow breaths decrease alveolar ventilation there is decreased gas exchange.
Restrictive Respiratory
124
Signs and Symptoms of ____ diseases :Increased respiratory rateChronic cough (dry, non-productive)Polycythemia due to hypoxia
Restrictive Respiratory
