Respiratory 2 Flashcards by Michael McMahan

Pulmonary circulation has _____ pressures than systemic circulation

Lower

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Pulmonary circulation has _____ resistance,

Lower

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Pulmonary circulation has ______ compliance than systemic circulation

higher

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Pulmonary circulation has _____ volume than systemic circulation

Lower

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Do structures in the respiratory zone receive oxygen from bronchial flow?

No; directly from alveolar air

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T/F: There are a population of pulmonary capillaries at rest

True

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Diameters of pulmonary arteries and arterioles are _____ than systemic arteries and arterioles

larger

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Bronchial flow is about ___% of cardiac output of the left ventricle.

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Supplies oxygen and nutrients to the tracheobronchial tree down to the terminal bronchioles and also pulmonary blood vessels, visceral pleura, nerves and hilar lymph nodes.

Bronchial circulation

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Structures in the _____ Zone receive oxygen directly by diffusion from the alveolar air and receive nutrients from the mixed venous blood in pulmonary circulation.

Respiratory zone

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blood in the LA has slightly _____ O2 concentration than blood in the pulmonary capillaries

Lower

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What is the pulmonary circulation numerically?

25/8

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Is pulmonary capillary pressure a filtration or absorption force?

Filtration force

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Pulmonary blood volume accounts for ____ % of blood volume (450ml) but is is highly variable.

~9%

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Volume of pulmonary blood flow ____ during inspiration

increases

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Lying down _____ the pulmonary blood volume

increases

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Disease states (ex. heart failure) can ______ pulmonary blood volume

increase

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T/F: Pulmonary vessels are far more distensible (compliant) and able to alter their size and adjust to changing pulmonary volumes.

True

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T?F: Even though Cardiac Output increases 4-7 times with heavy exercise, there is only a small increase in pulmonary artery pressure.

True

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What will opening more capillaries do to total resistance?

Decrease R

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In pulmonary circulation, MAP = ______

CO x PVR

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An increase in blood flow leads to a ____ in pulmonary resistance

Decrease

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An increase in Flow (CO) to lungs will decrease pulmonary Resistance through what 2 mechanisms?

Recruitment of pulmonary capillaries

2. Distension of pulmonary capillaries

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T/F: The Pulmonary Circulation is not as Prone to Hypertension as the Systemic Circulation.

True

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When PAO2 (Alveolar concentration of O2) drops 70% below normal, adjacent blood vessels ______

constrict.

If instead PAO2 is high, adjacent vessels will _____

dilate.

The functional result is that blood is delivered to alveoli where it will be ______ at gas exchange.

most effective

What then would happen throughout the pulmonary circulation at a high altitude where PAO2 is reduced?

Pulmonary hypertension in all vessels

Does the same response happen in the systemic circulation when PaO2 levels drop?

___ matches blood flow to well vented alveoli via vasoconstriction

Alveolar Hypoxic Pulmonary vasoconstriction

``` The following are ____ of pulmonary arterioles: •High O2 in alveoli •Dopamine •Bradykinin •Prostacyclin •Nitric Oxide •Histamine (H2) •Acetylcholine ```

Vasodilators

``` The following are ____ of pulmonary arterioles: •Low O2 in alveoli •High CO2 in alveoli •Norepinephrine •Angiotensin II •Endothelin •Vasopressin •Thromboxane A2 ```

Vasoconstrictors

_____ Vessels: Pulmonary capillaries, smallest arterioles & venules

Alveolar

_____ Vessels: All other vessels outside of the Pulmonary capillaries, smallest arterioles & venules

Extra-alveolar

_____ is the the total of Alveolar Vessels + Extra-alveolar Vessel Resistance

PVR

During inspiration, _____ vessels are compressed/elongated

Alveolar vessels

During inspiration, alveolar vessels are compressed/elongated and their resistance _____

increases

During inspiration, Extra-alveolar vessels have _____ resistance

decreased

At low lung volumes, extra-alveolar vessel resistance _______, which _______ total PVR.

increases; increases

At high lung volumes, alveolar vessel resistance _____ which _____ total PVR.

increases; increases

At high lung volumes, ______ vessel resistance increases which increases total PVR.

alveolar

At low lung volumes, _____ vessel resistance increases, which increases total PVR.

extra-alveolar

The volume of air in the lungs after a normal (TV) expiration.

FRC (Functional Residual Capacity):

Zone 3 (at Base) has the highest ____ and thus the highest blood flow per alveolus.

hydrostatic pressure

When in an upright position, there is a _____ difference in pulmonary arterial pressure from the apex to the base of the lung. Due to gravity!

23 mmHg

Which zone of the lung has greatest blood flow?

Zone 3

The hydrostatic pressure of the blood inside of the capillaries (Pa) favors _____ (filtration or absorption); also helps to keep the vessels open

filtration

Is Pa greater in zone 3 or zone 1?

Zone 3

The ______ (largely based on alveolar air pressure--PALV) outside of the capillary opposes filtration and favors vessel collapse.

tissue pressure

Zone ____: Pa is lower than PA. Capillaries are compressed.

Zone 1

If Pa _____ (hemorrhage) or PA _____ (positive pressure breathing), a greater potion of the lung is converted to Zone 1.

drops; increases

Zone ____: Higher Pa (due to gravity) means that Pa is higher than PA during systole. During diastole Pa will drop lower than PA. Thus blood flow is intermittent.

Zone 2

Zone _____:Highest Pa (due to gravity). Region of continuous blood flow because Pa remains higher than PA during both systole and diastole

Zone 3

The majority of healthy lungs use which zones for gas exchange?

Zone 2 and 3

Exercise converts zone ____ to zone ___

2 to 3

When in the supine position, the lungs mostly have zone _____ blood flow

ZOne 2

Normal Whole Lung V/Q is ____

0.8

Do lungs receive more blood or air?

Blood

In a normal individual, the apex of the lung has a ____ V/Q than the rest of the lung.

higher

As one moves from Zone 1 to Zone 3, there is a slower increase in ____ than ______

ventilation than blood flow.

_____ breaths in upright position cause V/Q mismatch because air flows to upper lobes and blood to lower lobes.

Fast, shallow

Alveoli at the ____ of the lungs receives more ventilation than those in the ____

base; apex

The pulmonary capillaries at the ___ on the lungs receive more blood flow than those in the ____

base; apex

``` In the ____ of the lung; Intrapleural pressure is more negative Greater transmural pressure gradient Alveoli larger and less compliant Less ventilation ```

Apex

``` In the ____ of the lung: Intrapleural pressure is less negative Smaller transmural pressure gradient Alveoli smaller and more compliant More ventilation ```

Base

``` In the ____ of the lung: Greater vascular pressures More recruitment, distension Lower resistance Greater blood flow ```

Base

``` In the ____ of the lung: Lower intravascular pressures Less recruitment, distension Higher resistance Less blood flow ```

Apex

Apex of Lung: V/Q ratio = ____

>1.0

If VENTILATION is limited, •V/Q is ____

Decreased

If VENTILATION is limited, Thus O2 is ___ & CO2 is ___

Decrease; Increase

If VENTILATION is limited, Smooth muscles in the ____ constrict

Vasoconstrict

V/Q mismatch responds to ____ feedback

Negative

If PERFUSION is limited, •V/Q is ____

Increased

If PERFUSION is limited,•Thus O2 is ___ & CO2 is ___

Increased; Decreased

If PERFUSION is limited,•Smooth muscles in the ____ constrict

Bronchoconstrict

Blood traverses pulmonary capillaries in ____ seconds and gas exchange must occur during this time frame

0.3 -0.8 seconds

If Pif is negative, it is a _____ pressure

Filtration

The following are ______ pressures •Capillary Pressure (Pc) = 7 mmHg•Interstitial Fluid Pressure (Pif) = -8 mmHg (use absolute value) •Interstitial Colloid Osmotic Pressure (if) = 14 mm Hg

Filtration Pressures (29 mmHg)

Fluid that leaves the capillaries is absorbed by _____ circulation and returned to the circulation.

lymphatic

The balance of pulmonary capillary and interstitial hydrostatic and colloid pressures can be disrupted resulting in _____ (large increases in net capillary filtration).

pulmonary edema

______ can occur with left sided heart failure, mitral valve stenosis, damage to pulmonary capillary membranes, etc.

Pulmonary edema

Extra fluid that enters the alveoli will be sucked into the interstitial space due to the slight negative pressure and then picked up by lymphatic capillaries. This keeps the alveoli ____

dry

Respiratory 2 Flashcards

(82 cards)