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Cardiorespiratory 1 > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

3 functions of the respiratory system

A

pulmonary ventilation
gas exchange
internal/external ventilation

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2
Q

What does the diaphragm separate?

A

thoracic and abdominal cavities

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3
Q

The muscle fibres of the diaphragm converge to what?

A

A central tendon

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4
Q

3 attachments of the diaphragm

A

lumbar vertebrae and arcuate ligaments
costal cartilages 7-10th ribs (attach directly to ribs 11 and 12)
xiphoid process

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5
Q

The diaphragm has a left and right what?

A

dome

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6
Q

The diaphragm has 2 what?

A

crura

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7
Q

The crura of the diaphragm arise from where?

A

bodies of the lumbar vertebrae

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8
Q

The left crus of the diaphragm arises from where?

A

L1 and L2 bodies and discs

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9
Q

The right crus of the diaphragm arises from where?

A

L1 to L3 bodies and discs

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10
Q

Which crus of the diaphragm is larger?

A

Right

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11
Q

Where does the central tendon of the diaphragm attach to?

A

Pericardium

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12
Q

Either side of the pericardium is the what?

A

Left and right domes of the diaphragm

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13
Q

At rest, which dome of the diaphragm is situated higher? Why?

A

Right dome - due to the liver

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14
Q

The upper diaphragm surface is covered with what?

A

Parietal pleura

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15
Q

What is the costodiaphragmatic recess?

A

Potential space separating visceral and parietal pleura

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16
Q

the upper diaphragm surface is lined by what?

A

Parietal layer of peritoneum

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17
Q

What are the 3 pathways/openings through the diaphragm?

A

Caval hiatus
Oesophageal hiatus
Aortic hiatus

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18
Q

What passes through the caval hiatus of the diaphragm?

A

Inferior vena cava and Right phrenic nerve

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19
Q

What passes through the oesophageal hiatus of the diaphragm?

A

Oesophagus
Right and left vagus nerves (gastric nerves)
Oesophageal branches of left gastric artery/vein

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20
Q

What passes through the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm?

A

Aorta
Thoracic duct
Azygous vein

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21
Q

What level is the caval hiatus?

A

Level of T8

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22
Q

What level is the oesophageal hiatus?

A

T10

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23
Q

What level is the aortic hiatus?

A

T12

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24
Q

How to remember the levels of the diaphragm openings

A

Vena cava has 8 letters (T8)
Oesophagus has 10 letters (T10)
Aortic hiatus has 12 letters (T12)

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25
Pump handle action of the ribs
antero-posterior direction | sternum is raised
26
Bucket handle action of the ribs
transverse direction | contraction of external intercostals raises lateral part of ribs
27
Define pulmonary ventilation
the flow of air into and out of the alveoli
28
Which ribs are atypical?
1, 10, 11, 12
29
Which ribs are directly connected to the sternum?
1 to 7
30
Which ribs are indirectly connected to the sternum?
8 to 10
31
What are the 3 parts of the sternum?
Manubrium, body, xiphoid process
32
What are the components of the upper respiratory tract?
Nasopharynx, oropharynx and larynx
33
What are the components of the lower respiratory tract?
trachea main, lobar and segmental bronchi conducting and respiratory bronchioles alveoli
34
At what point does the trachea bifurcate?
carina
35
What makes up a respiratory unit?
alveolar duct and alveolus
36
The right lung is divided into how many lobes?
3
37
The left lobe is divided into how many lobes?
2
38
What is the respiratory membrane?
barrier between alveolar air and blood
39
What are the 3 types of alveolar cells?
Type I pneumocyte Type II pneumocyte Alveolar macrophages
40
What are the 3 components of the respiratory membrane?
Alveolar wall Capillary wall Shared basement membrane
41
Trachea and bronchi are lined by what type of cells?
Ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
42
Boyle's law
Initial pressure, initial volume = final pressure, final volume Gases move from higher pressure (lower vol) to lower pressure (higher vol)
43
Dalton's law
The total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the partial pressures of each gas in the mixture
44
Fick's law of diffusion
Rate of diffusion is proportional to both the surface area and concentration difference and is inversely proportional to the thickness of the membrane
45
What muscle acts to fix the 12th rib during forced expiration
Quadratus lumborum
46
Action of internal intercostals
Depress ribs during forced expiration
47
What outcome measures can be used for dyspnoea?
- Borg scale | - Medical research council (MRC) breathlessness scale
48
What outcome measures can be used for physical disability?
- London chest activities of daily living scale (LCADL) | - Manchester respiratory activities of daily living scale (MRADL)
49
What outcome measures can be used for quality of life?
- St Georges respiratory questionnaire (SGRQ) and reparatory questionnaire C (SGRQ-C) - Chronic respiratory disease questionnaire (CRDQ) - COPD assessment test (CAT)
50
What outcome measures can be used for psychological well-being?
- Hospital anxiety and depression scale (HAD) - Beck anxiety and depression inventory - Anxiety inventory for respiratory disease (AIR)
51
What outcome measures can be used for exercise capacity?
- Incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT) - Six minute walk test (6MWT) - Timed get up and go - Treadmill - Step test
52
What is the GOLD classification of COPD?
Gold 1: Mild (FEV1 ≥ 80% predicted) Gold 2: Moderate (50% ≤ FEV1 < 80% predicted) Gold 3: Severe (30% ≤ FEV1 < 50% predicted) Gold 4: Very severe (FEV1 < 30% predicted)
53
What are some of the signs of hypoxia/hypoxaemia?
``` ^ respiratory rate ^ pulse ^ WOB confusion/agitation cyanosis (central or peripheral) ```
54
Hypercapnic patients have a high....
PaCO2 level
55
Oxygen therapy through nasal cannulae should be used with caution in what patients?
Very breathless hypoxic patients | Type II respiratory failure
56
What 2 measurements are used in spirometry?
FEV1 and FVC
57
What is FEV1?
the volume exhaled in the first second after deep inspiration and forced expiration
58
What is FVC?
Forced vital capacity - the total volume of air that the patient can forcibly exhale in one breath
59
Obstructive spirometry pattern
``` Reduced FEV1 (<80% of the predicted normal) Reduced FVC (but to a lesser extent than FEV1) FEV1/FVC ratio reduced (<0.7) ```
60
Restrictive spirometry pattern
``` Reduced FEV1 (<80% of the predicted normal) Reduced FVC (<80% of the predicted normal) FEV1/FVC ratio normal (>0.7) ```
61
Where is the conducting zone in the airways?
Distal to the trachea and before the alveoli

Cardiorespiratory 1 (4 decks)

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