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BIO224 > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory system purpose

A
  1. Bring O2 into the body and make it available for cellular metabolism
  2. Get ride of CO2 waste
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2
Q

Respiratory system is divided into

A
  1. conducting portion
  2. respiratory portion
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3
Q

Conducting portion of Respiratory system purpose

A

To move air from 1 place to another w/o gas exchange

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4
Q

Conducting portion of Respiratory system consists of

A

interconnected set of tubes and cavities
1. nose
2. pharynx/throat
3. larynx/voice box
4. trachea
5. bronchi
6. terminal bronchi

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5
Q

Respiratory portion of Respiratory system purpose

A

Gas exchange
1. respiratory bronchioles
2. alveolar ducts
3. alveoli individual
4. alveolar sacs

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6
Q

where does gas exchange occur

A

respiratory portion of respiratory sys.
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli

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7
Q

Gas exchange is referring to

A

O2 and CO2 exchange with blood

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8
Q

Another function of the respiratory system

A

location of smell receptors are located in the nasal epithelium
nasal cavity provides resonating cavity in the oral cavity to hep shape sounds we produce
gets rid of other waste(alcohol)

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9
Q

Conditioning air in nose does

A
  1. filter
  2. warm
  3. humidify the air
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10
Q

How does the resp. syst. help with sound

A

nasal passages Provide a resonating cavity with the oral cavity to shape sounds.

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11
Q

alveoli are covered with

A

capillary beds for gas exchange

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12
Q

Types of respiration

A
  1. pulmonary: ventilation: air movement in and out of the lungs
  2. external: alveoli and cap
  3. internal
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13
Q

nose is called

A

external nares

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14
Q

nasal septum

A

seperates 2 sides of the upper part of the nasal passages

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15
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

where we have our sense of smell

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16
Q

Nasal septum connects to

A

the pharynx

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17
Q

internal nares

A

opening from the nasal passages to the pharynx

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18
Q

pharynx sections

A
  1. nasopharynx
  2. oropharynx
  3. hypopharynx/laryngopharynx
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19
Q

fauces

A

opening between the oral cavity and oropharynx

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20
Q

Nasal conchi purpose

A

Superior, middle and inferior: creates more surface area for cleaning and humidifying air and turbulance to move the air around

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21
Q

what cells line nasal cavity and nasopharynx

A

pseudostratified ciliated epithelium with goblet cells

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22
Q

pharynx goes from

A

internal nares to the cricoid cartilage

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23
Q

eustachian tubes

A

in the nasopharynx, auditory tubes that connect to the middle ear

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24
Q

oropharynx goes from

A

behind the mouth to the hyoid bone

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25
Q

oropharynx lined with what kind of cells

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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26
Q

oropharynx function

A

passage way for food and drink. stratified squamous epithelium

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27
Q

hypopharynx lined with

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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28
Q

Hypopharynx function

A

has openings for larynx to the trachea and to the esophagus. passageway for food and drink.

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29
Q

pseudostrat ciliated columnar epithelium lines a lot of

A

respiratory pathways

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30
Q

Larynx

A

=voice box near the hyoid bone just below the thyroid cartilage (forms the adams apple) and cricoid cartilage.

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31
Q

epiglottis made of

A

elastic cartilage

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32
Q

epiglottis func

A

close over the larynx to keep food from going down windpipe. attached at the posterior of the thyroid cartilage

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33
Q

Where are the vocal cords

A

in the larynx

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34
Q

what are the vocal folds

A

the vocal cords

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35
Q

The Vocal cords have

A

false and true

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36
Q

vocal cords secondary function

A

Can catch food if epiglottis missed it

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37
Q

where is the laryngeal sinus

A

between the false and true vocal cords

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38
Q

between the false and true vocal cords are

A

the laryngeal sinus

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39
Q

Glottis location

A

between the 2 true vocal cords

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40
Q

how do the vocal folds work

A

muscles contract in the larynx and adjusts the tension of the true vocal cords which affect voice pitch

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41
Q

Why are males voices lower

A

their vocal cords are thicker and longer because of testosterone causing it to vibrate slower

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42
Q

what kind of cartilage is in the trachea

A

Anteriorly 16-20 C shaped cartilage rings of hyaline cartilage
Posterior: no cartilage

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43
Q

trachealis muscle

A

thin muscle at the posterior of the trachea

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44
Q

trachea lined with

A

pseudostratified ciliated epithelium with goblet cells from the 6th Cervical to 5th thoracic vertebra and splits into 2 bronchi

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45
Q

trachea splits into

A

2 primary bronchi

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46
Q

bronchi outside the lungs

A

primary bronchi

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47
Q

carina

A

ridge that is where the primary bronchi start

48
Q

Wich bronchi is shorter and wider

A

Right

49
Q

cough reflex is associated with what structure

A

carina, has sensitive bit of mucous membrane that triggers a cough

50
Q

first bronchi inside of the lungs called

A

secondary bronchi

51
Q

secondary bronchi split into

A

tertiary bronchi, 10 on the right and 8 on the left

52
Q

tertiary broncus becomes what segment

A

bronchial pulmonary segment, region of the lobe served by a singe tertiary bronchus

53
Q

Tertiary bronchi becomes what bronchi at the end

A

terminal bronchiols to respiratory bronchiols to alveolar ducts

54
Q

when do the cartilagious rings disapear

A

Slowly as bronchiols branch into smaller branches

55
Q

smallest bronchioles have what instead of cartilage in the wall

A

smooth muscle

56
Q

how many alveoli

A

300 million/150 each lung

57
Q

Alveolar wall has what cells

A

Type1: 95% made of simple squamous epithelium
type2: 5% cuboidal, secretory cells secrete alveolar fluid.

58
Q

alveolar fluid made of

A

water and surfactant. forms monomolecular layer over interior surface of the alveolus

59
Q

surfactant

A

in alveolar fluid. has phospholipids that lowers the surface tension from the water to prevent the H2O in the fluid from attracting itself and collapsing the alveolus.

60
Q

Another type of cell in alveolus is

A

alveoli macrophages

61
Q

Respiratory membrane

A

alveolar membrane

62
Q

what is respiratory membrane entail

A

layer where gas exchange happens. capillary is close to type 1 cells

63
Q

path of O2 inhaled

A

O2 inhaled->alveolus->alveolar fluid->through type 1 cells->thin basement membrane->endothelium inside the capillary

64
Q

Blood supply from the lung comes from

A
  1. Deoxygenated blood via pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries
  2. oxygenated blood from thoracic aorta through bronchial capillaries

Those 2 main sources

65
Q

Ventilation

A

pulmonary respiration. movement of air in and out of the lungs

66
Q

Ventilation is depended on what law

A

Boyles law: Volume of gas varies inversely with its pressure assuming constant temp. Boyels law=PV

67
Q

for inspiration to occur

A

lungs must expand->increase in V-> decrease in lung pressure. lung pressure below ATM p ->air rushes in.

68
Q

what are the main muscles for inspirations

A

diaphragm and external intercostals. minor: sternocliedomastoid, scalenes and pectoralis minor

69
Q

diaphragm distance

A

1cm resting breath
10cm labored breathing

70
Q

how do the muscles move for labored inhalation

A

intercostals contract making the ribcage move out making the chest bigger->increasing lung volume

71
Q

when at rest and passive expiration the main force is

A

relaxation of the stretch on elastic fibers around alveoli.

72
Q

what muscles force air out for expiration

A

Abdomen muscles: rectus abdominus, transversus abdominus, internal and external oblique

73
Q

Vislva maneuver

A

take a breath and hold, contract ab muscles without letting air out->increase pressure on abdomen used in pooping, peeing, clear out eustachian tube

74
Q

intrapulmonary pressure

A

pressure in alveoli of the lungs

75
Q

intrapleural pressure

A

pressure in the pleural space, usually slightly less than intrapulmonary pressure. due to elasticity of lungs they’re trying to pull inward and away from the pleura

76
Q

intrapleural pressure at rest

A

156 mm Hg

77
Q

sea level pressue

A

760 mmHG

78
Q

intrapulmonary pressure at rest

A

760/same as ATM because no air is moving

79
Q

intraplearal and intrapulmonary pressure when inhaling

A

intrapleural 754
intrapulmonary 757-758 difference causes air to rush in because forces want to equalize the pressure and ATM

80
Q

Expansion intrapleural and intrapulmonary(alveolar) press

A

756
762-763. more than ATM -> air flows out

81
Q

advantages of slow replacement

A

help maintain homeostasis: prevents wide fluctuations between O2 and CO2 concentration in alveoli and bloodstream

82
Q

how much air is replaced with fresh ATM air with each tidal breath

A

15% or about 350mm Hg since 150mm still in the conducting tract

83
Q

MRV

A

minute respiration ventilation: MRV=TV x repiratitory rate(per minute)

84
Q

asthma usually from

A

bronchial constriction

85
Q

pneumonia

A

respiratory membrane gets thicker due to edema build up between blood capillary wall and the alveoli. can usually see fluid in alveoli

86
Q

Emphysema

A

alveolar tissue destroyed by macrophages which results in reduced surface area. incurable

87
Q

pulmonary fibrosis

A

build up of CT in the lung in certain types of lung damage: asbestos, CT fibers added to the lungs so they’re less elastic

88
Q

O2% in air

A

21%

89
Q

N% in air

A

79%

90
Q

CO2% in air

A

.04%

91
Q

Daltons Law

A

total ATM pressue is sum of all other pressures

92
Q

time it takes to do gas exchange

A

1/4 sec which is 1/3 of the time an RBC is in a capillary adjacent to alveolus

93
Q

is CO2 or O2 more soluble in water

A

CO2 20x more soluble in plasma/alveolar fluid

94
Q

Hemoglobin can carry how many O2

A

4 O2 molecules

95
Q

How may hemoglobin in RBC

A

250million

96
Q

1RBC can carry how may O2 molecultes

A

1 billion

97
Q

how many RBC in microliter of blood

A

5 million

98
Q

how many L of blood in the body

A

5L

99
Q

main respiratory center is in

A

the medulla oblongata

100
Q

breathing rate depends on

A

repetitive stimuli from the brain. 2 levels
1. normally breath unconsiously/auto
2. can breath differently at will

101
Q

respiratory rhythm depends on

A

circumstances: rest, exercise, emotion

102
Q

what sensory receptors provide info to the medulla oblongata

A
  1. central chemoreceptors in brain stem: respond to pH in cerebrospina fluid: info on O2 and CO2 levels in CNA
  2. peripheral chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic bodies: respond to CO2/O2 levels in Peripheral NS
  3. Barrow receptors: stretch receptors in smooth muscle of the bronchioles/visceral/pleural membrane responds to overstretching of the lung
  4. irritant receptors: nerve endings in epithelial cells in the airway. responds to smoke, dust, pollen, ect. can result in coughing or sneezing
103
Q

pulmonary compliance

A

how easy/effort for the lungs expand. related to distensibility of the lungs

104
Q

factors that affect pulmonary compliance

A
  1. surfactant
  2. disease: lungs can’t expand as normal (TB, asthma
  3. diameter of bronchioles: broncho constriction=constriction of smooth muscle in bronchial walls. parasympathtic stim reduces bronchial diameter. sympathetic nervous system can cause bronchodilation, epinephrine
105
Q

anatomical dead space

A

conducting portion of resp. sys. air not available for gas exchange

106
Q

pathologic dead space

A

damaged areas of the lungs that isn’t exchanging air

107
Q

psysiological dead space

A

anatomical+pathologic dead space: areas that contain air but can’t do gas exchange

108
Q

AVR

A

alveolar vent rate. how much air perminute in the respiratory region. 350mL x respiratory rate/min. aka fresh air available for exchange per min

109
Q

What affects O2 unloading

A
  1. ambient partial pressure of O2 (lower partial pressure O2 in tissue=more O2 released due to greater concentration gradient
  2. Temp: higher temp promotes O2 unloading (when muscle warms up for exercise
  3. pH: called Bohr effect: oxyhemoglobin dissociated increases so more O2 unloads in response to low pH level active tissue generate more CO2 because it uses more O2. drives the equation for CO2 conversion to bicarb to the right means more H+ ions produces and released into plasma which lowers Blood pH making it more acidic.
  4. BPG (biphosphoglycerate: intermediates in glycolysis. BPG promotes O2 unload. BPG can bind to hemoglobin->promotes O2 unload because O2 is not as tightly bound to hemoglobin. BPG presense is stimulated by temp, more GH, testosterone, epinephrine, thyroxine. people in high altitude usually have more BPG in systems
110
Q

Haldane effect

A

CO2 unloading in tissues.

111
Q

Reason why haldane effect occures

A

Low oxyhemoglobin enables blood to transport more CO2 even though it binds to same place
1. deoxyhemoglobin binds CO2 better than oxyhemoglobin
2. deoxyhemoglobin binds/buffers more H+ ions than oxy hemoglobin so removes H+ ions from solution->shifts the equation to the right. High metabolic rate keeps oxyhemoglobin levels relatively low an allows CO2 transport

112
Q

How does High metabolic rate help CO2 transport

A

high metabolic rate keeps oxyhemoglobin relatively low allows CO2 transported

113
Q

Ventilation

A

movement of air

114
Q

perfusion

A

getting blood to areas of the lungs so the gas can be exchanged

115
Q

What needs to happen for gas exchange to be effective

A
  1. Good ventilation of alveoli
  2. good perfusion of the capillaries
116
Q

how does the body when a part of the lung is poorly ventilated

A

the arterioles respond to the partial pressure of O2 and will direct blood to a better ventilated alveoli.
body tries to match ventilation ad perfusion rate with different parts of the lungs in general.

117
Q

Reasons part of lug may be poorly ventilated

A
  1. local vasoconstriction of pulmonary arterioles: will keep blood away from the area
  2. bronchioles respond to the partial pressure of CO2. If airflow through bronchioles is lower than normal then there is a rise of partial pressure of CO2 causes local bronchodilation to hep get rid of the excess CO2 in the air of the alveolus
  3. High air flow compared to the blood supply than lower partial pressure of CO2 causes bronchoconstriction so we get proportional amounts of air in the alveolus and blood in the adjacent capillaries

BIO224 (13 decks)

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