Respiratory

Question 1

what is the ventral boundary of the thoracic cavity?

Answer 1

sternum

Question 2

what is the dorsal boundary of the thoracic cavity?

Answer 2

vertebral column

Question 3

what is the caudal boundary of the thoracic cavity?

Answer 3

costal arch

Question 4

what is the cranial boundary of the thoracic cavity?

Answer 4

thoracic inlet (1st pair of ribs, T1, manubrium)

Question 5

what is the lateral boundary of the thoracic cavity?

Answer 5

ribs

Question 6

what is the thoracic cavity lined with?

Answer 6

pleural membranes

Question 7

what is pulmonary ventilation dependent on?

Answer 7

atmospheric pressure, alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure

Question 8

what do ribs articulate with dorsally?

Answer 8

thoracic vertebrae

Question 9

what do ribs interject with ventrally?

Answer 9

junction of 2 sternebrae

Question 10

what is the costochondral junction?

Answer 10

where the cartilaginous portion of ribs meet the bony portion

Question 11

what forms a barrier to prolapse of nucleus pulposus?

Answer 11

intercapital ligaments

Question 12

what do the intercapital ligaments run between?

Answer 12

T2 and T10

Question 13

what does the rib tuberculum articulate with?

Answer 13

transverse processes

Question 14

what is the name of the head of rib?

Answer 14

capitulum

Question 15

what does the capitulum articulate with?

Answer 15

centra of 2 adjacent vertebrae

Question 16

what sort of joints are costovertebral joints?

Answer 16

synovial joints

Question 17

what muscles are involved in inspiration?

Answer 17

diaphragm, external intercostals, ‘minor’ muscles

Question 18

what muscles are involved in expiration?

Answer 18

elastic recoil of lungs, relaxation of diaphragm, internal intercostals, abdominal muscles, ‘minor’ muscles

Question 19

which direction do the fibres of external intercostal run?

Answer 19

dorso-cranially to ventro-caudally

Question 20

which direction do the fibres of internal intercostal run?

Answer 20

dorso-caudally to ventro-cranially

Question 21

what is the pivotal point of ribs?

Answer 21

synovial joint

Question 22

what is the diaphragm?

Answer 22

muscular partition between thoracic and abdominal cavities

Question 23

what does the diaphragm consist of (2)?

Answer 23

muscular periphery, Y-shaped tendinous centre

Question 24

what does the muscular part of the diaphragm consist of?

Answer 24

lumbar part, costal part, sternal part

Question 25

what does the lumbar part of the diaphragm originate from?

Answer 25

lumbar vertebrae 3&4 via strong tendons

Question 26

what does the costal part of the diaphragm originate from?

Answer 26

medial surfaces of the caudal ribs (8-13 in dog)

Question 27

where do all of the parts of the diaphragm insert?

Answer 27

on the central tendon

Question 27

what does the sternal part of the diaphragm originate from?

Answer 27

dorsal surface of the caudal sternum

Question 28

what is the diaphragm innervated by?

Answer 28

left and right phrenic nerve, cervical nerves 5,6,7

Question 29

what do the left and right phrenic nerve follow?

Answer 29

septum tranversum

Question 30

what are the diaphragm hiati?

Answer 30

aortic, oesophageal, caval

Question 31

what passes through the aortic hiatus?

Answer 31

aorta, thoracic duct, azygous vein

Question 32

what passes through the oesophageal hiatus?

Answer 32

oesophagus, vagus

Question 33

what is the name of the branch of the subclavian artery that supplies intercostal spaces 1-3?

Answer 33

costocervical artery

Question 33

what does the costocervical artery supply?

Answer 33

intercostal spaces 1-3

Question 34

what is the costocervical artery a branch of?

Answer 34

the subclavian artery

Question 35

what vein takes blood from intercostal spaces 1-3?

Answer 35

costocervical-vertebral vein

Question 36

do vital structures run cranially or caudally to the rib?

Answer 36

caudally

Question 37

what is the significance of vital structures running caudal to the ribs?

Answer 37

always insert needles cranial to rib

Question 38

what does the larynx do?

Answer 38

controls and detects what enters the trachea

Question 39

what are the components of the upper bronchial tree?

Answer 39

trachea, primary bronchus, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, further branching until bronchioles reached

Question 40

what are the secondary bronchi?

Answer 40

lobar bronchi

Question 41

what are the tertiary bronchi?

Answer 41

segmental bronchi

Question 42

what are the components of the lower bronchial tree?

Answer 42

bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles

Question 43

what is the difference between bronchi and bronchioles?

Answer 43

bronchi have cartilage in walls and bronchioles don't

Question 44

what is an acinus?

Answer 44

a group of alveoli

Question 45

what do branches of the pulmonary artery and veins tend to follow?

Answer 45

bronchial branching

Question 46

what species does tracheal collapse occur in?

Answer 46

toy/miniature dogs and Shetland ponies

Question 47

how many left lobes do dog lungs have?

Answer 47

3

Question 48

what is the apical part of the left side of the dog lung?

Answer 48

cranial part of cranial lobe

Question 49

what is the cardiac part of the left side of the dog lung?

Answer 49

caudal part of cranial lobe

Question 50

what is the diaphragmatic part of the left side of the dog lung?

Answer 50

caudal lobe

Question 51

how many right lobes does the dog lung have?

Answer 51

4

Question 52

what is the apical part of the right side of the dog lung?

Answer 52

cranial lobe

Question 53

what is the cardiac part of the right side of the dog lung?

Answer 53

middle lobe

Question 54

what is the diaphragmatic part of the right side of the dog lung?

Answer 54

caudal lobe

Question 55

what is the accessory lobe in the right side of the dog lung

Answer 55

branch of the caudal lobe

Question 56

how many left lobes do cows/sheep/pigs have?

Answer 56

3

Question 57

what are the left lobes of the sheep and cow lung the same as?

Answer 57

dogs and pigs

Question 58

how many right lobes do cow and sheep lungs have?

Answer 58

5

Question 59

how many right lobes do pig lungs have?

Answer 59

4

Question 60

what species are the right lobes of the pig lung the same as?

Answer 60

dogs

Question 61

how many left lobes do horse lungs have?

Answer 61

2

Question 62

what are the 2 left lobes of the horse lung?

Answer 62

cranial (apical) and caudal (diaphragmatic)

Question 63

how many right lobes do horse lungs have?

Answer 63

3

Question 64

what are the right lobes of the horse lung?

Answer 64

cranial (apical), caudal (diaphragmatic) and accessory (branch of caudal lobe)

Question 65

what is a lobule (lungs)?

Answer 65

a pulmonary bronchiole, its branches and vasculature surrounded by connective tissue septa

Question 66

do carnivores have lobulation?

Answer 66

no

Question 67

do pigs have lobulation?

Answer 67

yes

Question 68

do ox have lobulation?

Answer 68

yes

Question 69

do sheep have lung lobulation?

Answer 69

no

Question 70

do horses have lobulation?

Answer 70

no

Question 71

do carnivores have a tracheal bronchus?

Answer 71

no

Question 72

do pigs have a tracheal bronchus?

Answer 72

yes

Question 73

do ox have a tracheal bronchus?

Answer 73

yes

Question 74

do sheep have a tracheal bronchus?

Answer 74

yes

Question 75

do horses have a tracheal bronchus?

Answer 75

no

Question 76

what are pleural membranes?

Answer 76

single cell thickness serous membranes

Question 77

what does parietal pleura line?

Answer 77

the thoracic cavity

Question 78

what does visceral pleura cover?

Answer 78

the lungs

Question 79

what do pleural membranes develop from?

Answer 79

lateral plate mesoderm

Question 80

what is a pleural cavity/sac?

Answer 80

space between 2 pleural membranes

Question 81

what does pleural fluid do?

Answer 81

lubricates the movement of the lungs within the pleural cavity

Question 82

what is pleurisy?

Answer 82

inflammation of pleura

Question 83

what are the subdivisions of parietal pleura?

Answer 83

costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic

Question 84

what is visceral pleura tightly adherent to?

Answer 84

lungs

Question 85

which are more extensive, pleural cavities or lungs?

Answer 85

pleural cavities

Question 86

what do pleural spaces provide in inspiration?

Answer 86

reserve spaces (recesses) for borders of lungs to move into

Question 87

what recess does the basal lung border move into in inspiration?

Answer 87

costodiaphragmatic recess

Question 88

what recess does the ventral lung border move into in inspiration?

Answer 88

costomediastinal recess