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Anaphy finals > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

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1
Q

functions to supply oxygen for the metabolic needs of the cells and to remove one of the waste materials of cellular metabolism, carbon dioxide.

A

respiratory system

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2
Q

respiratory system involves the processes of

A
  1. External respiration
    - absorption of O2 and removal of CO2 from the lungs
    1. Internal respiration
      • gaseous exchanges between the cells of the body and their fluid medium
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3
Q

Its is the - absorption of O2 and removal of CO2 from the lungs

A

External respiration

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4
Q

it is the gaseous exchanges between the cells of the body and their fluid medium

A

Internal respiration

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5
Q

Movement of air in and out of the respiratory system

A

Pulmonary ventilation

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6
Q

A. Conducting passages (dead spaces)
- for passage of air

A
  1. Nose
  2. Pharynx
  3. Larynx
  4. Trachea
  5. Bronchi and their divisions
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7
Q
  • where absorption of O2 and removal of CO2 from the blood takes place.
A

Respiratory passages

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8
Q

(respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts,alveoli)

A

Lungs

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9
Q

External nose
Boundaries:

A

Superiorly– nasal and frontal bones
Laterally - maxillary bones
Inferiorly– plates of hyaline cartilage ( the lateral septal and alar cartilages)

The nasal cavity lies posterior to the external nose
- Anterior nares (nostrils)
- communication between nasal cavity and outside
- are separated by septum mobile nasi or columella\

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10
Q

Internal nose (Nasal Cavity)

A

Roof - ethmoid bone, sphenoid bone, frontal bone
Floor - Hard palate
Laterally - Conchae or turbinates
(Superior, middle, inferior) Which protrude medially forming grooves inferior to each conchae called meatus.
Medially - The nasal septum which is formed anteriorly by hyaline cartilage, and posteriorly by the vomer bone and perpendicular plate of ethmoid.

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11
Q

Recess and Meatuses

A

Superior Meatus
Middle Meatus
Inferior Meatus

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12
Q

Nasal Conchae

A

(1.Superior Concha
2. Middle Concha ) Parts of ethimoid*
3. Inferior Concha

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13
Q

PHARYNX

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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14
Q
  • soft palate to epiglottis
  • located behind the oral cavity
A

Oropharynx

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15
Q
  • located behind the larynx
A

Laryngopharynx

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16
Q
  • Extends 5 cm from the level of the 4th - 6th cervical vertebra
  • With 9 cartilages (3 paired, 3 unpared)
A

Larynx

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17
Q
  • Largest
  • Shield shaped; unpaired
  • With laryngeal prominence (Adam’s Apple): angulation formed from the union of 2 laminae
A

Thyroid Cartilage

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18
Q
  • Unpaired: signet ring shaped
A

Cricoid Cartilage

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19
Q
  • Unpaired: spoon or leaf- shaped
  • Found behind the tongue
  • Only elastic cartilage (the rest are hyaline)
A

Epiglottis

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20
Q

Vocal Cords

A

FALSE VOCAL CORDS (VESTIBULAR FOLD)
TRUE VOCAL CORDS (VOCAL FOLDS)

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21
Q

FALSE VOCAL CORDS

A

(VESTIBULAR FOLD)

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22
Q

TRUE VOCAL CORDS

A

(VOCAL FOLDS)

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23
Q
  • non-movable
  • surrounds the opening called rima vestibuli
A

FALSE VOCAL CORDS (VESTIBULAR FOLD)

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24
Q
  • movable
  • surrounds the opening called rima glottidis (the narrowest part of the adult larynx)
A

TRUE VOCAL CORDS (VOCAL FOLDS)

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25
- the trachea or "windpipe" is a cylindrical tube about 10-12 cm in length, 2.5 cm in diameter - 16-20 C-shaped cartilage - lined by pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium - C6 - T5
TRACHEA
26
- Each primary bronchi divides into
3 right and 2 left
27
- which supply the lobes of the lungs (superior, middle and inferior in the right lung; superior and inferior in the left)
Secondary lobar bronchi
28
in turn divides into tertiary, or segmental bronchi, each of which is distributed to a unit of the lung called a bronchopulmonary segment.
secondary bronchi
29
continue to divide into successively smaller branches.
segmental bronchi
30
- Fine branches, now called? - enter basic units of the lung called lobules.
bronchioles
31
The respiratory bronchioles open into __________ from which alveoli arise
alveolar ducts
32
Each bronchiole divides upon entering a lobule into several ___________, each of which further subdivides into two or more respiratory bronchioles.
terminal bronchioles
33
Respiratory Zones
- RESPIRATORY bronchioles - branch into alveolar ducts--- —> alveolar sacs------- —> alveoli
34
RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE
a. Type I pneumocytes b. Type II pneumocytes c. Alveolar macrophages
35
- walls of alveoli composed of simple squamous epithelium.
a. Type I pneumocytes
36
- secretes surfactant
b. Type II pneumocytes
37
- dust cells, defense against inhaled dust, bacteria, and foreign particles
c. Alveolar macrophages
38
- soft, spongy, elastic organs, 0.5 kg each - essential organs of respiration - situated on either side of the heart and the mediastinal structures
THE LUNGS
39
FEATURES OF THE RIGHT LUNG
1. three lobes - superior, middle and inferior 2. two fissures - horizontal and oblique 3. shorter, wider and heavier as compared to left 4. deeper diaphragmatic surface due to presence of liver
40
FEATURES OF THE LEFT LUNG
1. two lobes - superior and inferior 2. one fissure - oblique only 3. anterior border with cardiac notch 4. lingula is present (tongue-like portion of the upper lobe between cardiac notch and oblique fissure)
41
- a serous membrane covering the lungs and made up of parietal and visceral layers. - between visceral and parietal layer is the pleural cavity which contains a small amount of serous fluid - the 2 layers are continuous at the root of the lungs
PLEURA
42
MECHANISM OF BREATHING PHASES OF BREATHING
1. Inspiration/inhalation 2. Expiration/exhalation
43
- air is flowing into the lungs, active phase
Inspiration/inhalation
44
- air is flowing out of the lung, passive phase
Expiration/exhalation
45
- Gases travel from area of high pressure to area of lower pressure
A. Pressure relationship in the Thoracic Cavity
46
A. Pressure relationship in the Thoracic Cavity
1. Intrapulmonary pressure 2. Intrapleural/Intrathoracic pressure
47
- pressure inside the alveoli
Intrapulmonary pressure
48
- pressure in the pleural cavity
Intrapleural/Intrathoracic pressure
49
Physical Factors Influencing Pulmonary ventilation
1. Friction in the air passageways 2. Lung compliance 3. Surface tension of the alveolar fluid
50
Friction in the air passageways
- resistance
51
Lung compliance
- elasticity and flexibility
52
Surface tension of the alveolar fluid
surfactant decreases surface tension
53
Gas exchange in the body
A. External respiration: Pulmonary gas exchange 1. Partial pressure gradient and gas solubility - CO2 and O2 2. Thickness of the respiratory membranes 3. Surface area- alveoli increase the surface area 140 meters 4. Ventilation- perfusion coupling
54
GAS TRANSPORT
A. Oxygen B. Carbon dioxide
55
Oxygen
1. Oxyhemoglobin- O2 and Hemoglobin- 97% 2. Dissolved in plasma- 3%
56
Carbon dioxide
1. Dissolved in plasma- 7-10% 2. Carbaminohemoglobin- 20-30% 3. Bicarbonate (HCO3)- 60-70% Carbonic anhydrase CO2 + H2O_______________ HCO3 + H H2CO3 -> carbonic anhydrase-> HCO3 +H
57
CONTROL OF RESPIRATION
A. Medullary Respiratory Centers B. PONS Respiratory centers C. Herring-Breuer Reflex
58
- responsible for the rhythm of breathing. Impulses travel to phrenic and intercostal nerve to diaphragm
1. Dorsal respiratory group or inspiratory centers
59
Medullary Respiratory Centers
1. Dorsal respiratory group or inspiratory centers 2. Ventral respiratory group/expiratory center
60
- contains both inspiratory and expiratory neurons - during forceful breathing
Ventral respiratory group/expiratory center
61
- continuously sends inhibitory impulses to the inspiratory center of the medulla - sets duration of inspiration
Pneumotaxic center
62
-provides inspiratory drive -sends signals for inspiration for long & deep breaths -controls intensity of breathing -inhibited by stretch receptors or by pneumotaxic center -increases tidal volume
Apneustic center
63
- Stretch receptors in the visceral pleura that transmit inhibitory signals to medullary inspiratory center
Herring-Breuer Reflex
64
- located in the medulla oblongata - sensitive to changes in blood CO2 and Ph - increase CO2 or hypercapnia- respiratory stimulant
1. Central chemoreceptors
65
PONS Respiratory centers
1. Pneumotaxic center 2. Apneustic center
66
Chemical control of Respiration
1. Central chemoreceptors 2. Peripheral chemoreceptors
67
- located in the medulla oblongata - sensitive to changes in blood CO2 and Ph - increase CO2 or hypercapnia- respiratory stimulant
Central chemoreceptors
68
- carotid bodies - sensitive to changes in blood 02 levels
Peripheral chemoreceptors
69
- Increase of ventilation - Changes of blood pH, CO2 and O2
Effects of Exercise

Anaphy finals (5 decks)

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