Respiratory Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
What does SIADH stand for?
A
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone secretion
2
Q
True or False: SIADH leads to increased urine output.
A
False
3
Q
Fill in the blank: SIADH is characterized by __________ hyponatremia.
A
euvolemic
4
Q
What hormone is inappropriately secreted in SIADH?
A
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
5
Q
List one common cause of SIADH.
A
Malignancies, such as lung cancer
6
Q
What is the primary effect of excess ADH in SIADH?
A
Water retention
7
Q
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a symptom of SIADH? A) Increased thirst B) Confusion C) Polyuria
A
B) Confusion
8
Q
What laboratory finding is most typical in SIADH?
A
Low serum sodium concentration
9
Q
True or False: Patients with SIADH usually present with high serum osmolality.
A
False
10
Q
What is the first step in managing a patient with SIADH?
A
Identify and treat the underlying cause
11
Q
Fill in the blank: In SIADH, urine osmolality is typically __________.
A
high
12
Q
What is the main treatment for chronic SIADH?
A
Fluid restriction
13
Q
Multiple Choice: Which of the following medications can be used to treat SIADH? A) Demeclocycline B) Furosemide C) Metformin
A
A) Demeclocycline
14
Q
What is the potential complication of severe hyponatremia in SIADH?
A
Cerebral edema
15
Q
True or False: SIADH can occur in patients with central nervous system disorders.
A
True
16
Q
What is the role of Vaptans in the treatment of SIADH?
A
They are vasopressin receptor antagonists that promote water excretion.
17
Q
Fill in the blank: SIADH may be associated with __________ lung disease.
A
pulmonary
18
Q
What type of imaging may be used to identify a tumor causing SIADH?
A
CT scan or MRI
19
Q
Multiple Choice: Which condition is least likely to cause SIADH? A) Pneumonia B) Hypothyroidism C) Small cell lung cancer
A
B) Hypothyroidism
20
Q
What is the significance of urine sodium levels in SIADH?
A
Urine sodium is usually elevated due to euvolemia.
21
Q
A
22
Q
A
23
Q
A
24
Q
What is small cell lung cancer (SCLC)?
A
A type of lung cancer characterized by small cells that grow rapidly and can spread quickly.
25
True or False: Small cell lung cancer is the most common type of lung cancer.
False
26
What are the two main types of lung cancer?
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
27
Fill in the blank: SCLC accounts for approximately ___% of all lung cancer cases.
15%
28
What is a common risk factor for developing small cell lung cancer?
Cigarette smoking.
29
What are the two main subtypes of small cell lung cancer?
Small cell carcinoma and combined small cell carcinoma.
30
True or False: SCLC is often diagnosed at an early stage.
False
31
What is the typical treatment approach for small cell lung cancer?
Chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
32
What is the staging system used for small cell lung cancer?
The limited stage and extensive stage system.
33
Which stage of small cell lung cancer indicates that cancer has spread beyond the lungs?
Extensive stage.
34
What is the prognosis for patients with limited stage small cell lung cancer?
Generally better than for extensive stage, but still challenging.
35
Fill in the blank: SCLC is known for its rapid response to ___ therapy.
Chemotherapy
36
What is a common symptom of small cell lung cancer?
Persistent cough or coughing up blood.
37
What biomarker is often associated with small cell lung cancer?
Neuroendocrine markers, such as synaptophysin.
38
True or False: Small cell lung cancer has a high rate of metastasis at diagnosis.
True
39
What is Cushing's Syndrome?
Cushing's Syndrome is a hormonal disorder caused by high levels of cortisol in the blood.
40
True or False: Cushing's Syndrome can result from both endogenous and exogenous causes.
True
41
What is the most common cause of Cushing's Syndrome?
The most common cause is a pituitary adenoma, also known as Cushing's disease.
42
Fill in the blank: Cushing's Syndrome is characterized by excessive production of _____ hormone.
cortisol
43
What are common symptoms of Cushing's Syndrome?
Common symptoms include weight gain, rounded face, increased fat around the neck, and easy bruising.
44
Which diagnostic test is commonly used to confirm Cushing's Syndrome?
24-hour urinary free cortisol test.
45
True or False: Cushing's Syndrome is more common in men than women.
False
46
What is the role of ACTH in Cushing's Syndrome?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol.
47
What imaging studies may be used to identify adrenal tumors in Cushing's Syndrome?
CT scan or MRI.
48
Short answer: Name a potential complication of untreated Cushing's Syndrome.
Potential complications include diabetes, hypertension, and osteoporosis.
49
Fill in the blank: The term _____ refers to the specific type of Cushing's Syndrome caused by a pituitary tumor.
Cushing's disease
50
What is the primary treatment for Cushing's disease?
The primary treatment is surgical removal of the pituitary tumor.
51
True or False: Cushing's Syndrome can be caused by long-term use of corticosteroid medications.
True
52
What are the effects of cortisol on the body?
Cortisol helps control metabolism, reduces inflammation, and assists with memory formulation.
53
Multiple choice: Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Cushing's Syndrome? A) Moon face B) Hyperpigmentation C) Striae D) Hair loss
B) Hyperpigmentation
54
What is the significance of the dexamethasone suppression test in Cushing's Syndrome?
It helps differentiate between Cushing's Syndrome and other conditions by assessing cortisol suppression.
55
Short answer: How does Cushing's Syndrome affect the skin?
It can lead to thinning skin, easy bruising, and purple striae.
56
Fill in the blank: Cushing's Syndrome can lead to increased risk of _____ due to high cortisol levels.
infections
57
What is an adrenal adenoma?
An adrenal adenoma is a benign tumor of the adrenal gland that can cause Cushing's Syndrome.
58
True or False: Cushing's Syndrome can only occur in adults.
False
59
What lifestyle changes can help manage symptoms of Cushing's Syndrome?
Healthy diet, regular exercise, and stress management.
60
Multiple choice: Which of the following is a common psychological symptom of Cushing's Syndrome? A) Anxiety B) Euphoria C) Depression D) All of the above
D) All of the above
61
What is a common test to evaluate adrenal function in suspected Cushing's Syndrome?
Late-night salivary cortisol test.
62
Fill in the blank: The condition of excess cortisol production is known as _____ hypercortisolism.
endogenous
63
Short answer: What is the impact of Cushing's Syndrome on bone health?
It can lead to osteoporosis and increased fracture risk.
64
65
66
What is hyperthyroidism?
A condition where the thyroid gland is overactive and produces excessive amounts of thyroid hormones.
67
True or False: Thyrotoxicosis is synonymous with hyperthyroidism.
False. Thyrotoxicosis refers to the clinical syndrome resulting from excess thyroid hormones, which can occur in hyperthyroidism as well as other conditions.
68
Fill in the blank: The most common cause of hyperthyroidism in adults is __________.
Graves' disease.
69
What are common symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
Weight loss, increased appetite, nervousness, anxiety, tremors, heat intolerance, and increased sweating.
70
Which hormone levels are typically elevated in hyperthyroidism?
Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).
71
What is the role of TSH in thyroid function?
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) regulates the production of thyroid hormones by stimulating the thyroid gland.
72
True or False: A low TSH level is indicative of hyperthyroidism.
True.
73
What diagnostic test is commonly used to confirm hyperthyroidism?
Thyroid function tests, including TSH, T3, and T4 levels.
74
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a treatment option for hyperthyroidism? A) Antithyroid medications B) Radioactive iodine C) Thyroidectomy D) Insulin therapy
D) Insulin therapy.
75
What is the primary antithyroid medication used to treat hyperthyroidism?
Methimazole.
76
Fill in the blank: In some cases, hyperthyroidism can lead to a life-threatening condition called __________.
Thyroid storm.
77
What is the function of radioactive iodine in the treatment of hyperthyroidism?
It selectively destroys overactive thyroid tissue.
78
True or False: Hyperthyroidism can cause osteoporosis.
True.
79
What is the role of beta-blockers in managing hyperthyroidism?
They help control symptoms such as rapid heart rate and anxiety.
80
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a common complication of untreated hyperthyroidism? A) Heart failure B) Diabetes C) Asthma D) Liver cirrhosis
A) Heart failure.
81
What are the potential effects of hyperthyroidism on mental health?
Increased anxiety, mood swings, and in severe cases, psychosis.
82
Fill in the blank: The autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism is called __________.
Graves' disease.
83
True or False: Hyperthyroidism can affect menstrual cycles in women.
True.
84
What is the typical age range for the onset of hyperthyroidism?
Most commonly occurs in individuals aged 20-40 years.
85
Which imaging study may be used to assess the thyroid gland in hyperthyroid patients?
Thyroid ultrasound or radioactive iodine uptake scan.
86
What is the effect of excessive thyroid hormones on metabolism?
Increased metabolic rate.
87
Fill in the blank: The thyroid gland is located in the __________ part of the neck.
Anterior.
88
What is the primary goal of treating hyperthyroidism?
To reduce thyroid hormone levels to normal and alleviate symptoms.
89
True or False: Hyperthyroidism can lead to hair loss.
True.
90
What are the possible long-term effects of untreated hyperthyroidism?
Heart problems, bone loss, and muscle weakness.
91
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a symptom of a thyroid storm? A) Hypotension B) Bradycardia C) High fever D) Constipation
C) High fever.
92
93
What is thrombocytosis?
Thrombocytosis is a condition characterized by an elevated platelet count in the blood.
94
True or False: Thrombocytosis can be classified into primary and secondary types.
True
95
What are the two main categories of thrombocytosis?
Primary (essential) thrombocytosis and secondary (reactive) thrombocytosis.
96
Fill in the blank: Essential thrombocythemia is a type of __________ thrombocytosis.
primary
97
What is a common cause of secondary thrombocytosis?
Infection, inflammation, or iron deficiency.
98
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a symptom of thrombocytosis? A) Headache B) Dizziness C) High blood pressure D) Fever
D) Fever
99
What is the normal platelet count range for adults?
150,000 to 450,000 platelets per microliter of blood.
100
True or False: Thrombocytosis can increase the risk of thrombosis (blood clots).
True
101
What laboratory test is primarily used to diagnose thrombocytosis?
Complete blood count (CBC).
102
Fill in the blank: The treatment for essential thrombocythemia may include __________ therapy.
cytoreductive
103
Multiple Choice: Which of the following conditions can lead to secondary thrombocytosis? A) Chronic infection B) Genetic mutation C) Autoimmune disorder D) All of the above
D) All of the above
104
Short Answer: What is the primary risk associated with untreated thrombocytosis?
Increased risk of thrombosis or bleeding complications.
105
What is one potential complication of essential thrombocythemia?
Myelofibrosis or acute leukemia.
106
True or False: Thrombocytosis can be asymptomatic in many patients.
True
107
What is the primary treatment goal for patients with thrombocytosis?
To reduce the risk of thrombotic events.
108
