Respiratory

Question 1

the two divisions of the respiratory system

Answer 1

conducting portion, respiratory portion

Question 2

What divides the respiratory portion from the conducting portion

Answer 2

the terminal bronchiole/ respiratory bronchiole junction

Question 3

conchae (konk-eye)

Answer 3

the three shelf-like bones of each side of the nasal cavity

Question 4

respiratory epithelium

Answer 4

pseudostratified columnar with goblet cells

Question 5

what swells up in the nose to prevent air from passing through both sides (prevent drying)

Answer 5

the large veins in the lamina propria form an erectile tissue: SWELL BODIES

Question 6

mucoperiosteum

Answer 6

the direct connection between the lamina propria of the nose and the periosteum of the nasal bones

Question 7

what is the sensing portion of the olfactory receptor cells called

Answer 7

dendrite

Question 8

where do the protein receptors for oderiferous molecules lie

Answer 8

in the stereocilia of olfactory cell knobs

Question 9

the 3 types of cells in olfactory epithelium

Answer 9

1) olfacctory 2) sustentaculer (supporting) cells 3) basal cells

Question 10

what is the morphology of sustentacular cells

Answer 10

goblet-like with micovili

Question 11

what is the function of basal nasal epithelial cells

Answer 11

they serve as stem cells for both supportive and olfactory cells

Question 12

Bowman’s glands

Answer 12

lamina propria-residing, they secrete the serous fluid to solvate molecules for olfactory detection

Question 13

cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

Answer 13

the structure through which the unmyelinated olfactory axons (and other axons) pass to synapse with the olfactory bulb

Question 14

what type of cartilage supports the epilottis

Answer 14

elastic cartilage

Question 15

what type of epithelium make up the two sides of the epiglottis

Answer 15

the anterior side is stratified squamous, the posterior side is respiratory

Question 16

what type of cartilage supports the trachea

Answer 16

hyaline cartilage (~20 C- shaped rings)

Question 17

composition of trachea and bronchi lamina propria

Answer 17

lymph nodules, elastic fibers

Question 18

which tunic of the trachea and bronchi produces most of its mucous

Answer 18

the submucosal (SEROMUCOUS GLANDS)

Question 19

extrapulmonary (primary) bronchi description

Answer 19

same as trachea

Question 20

what type of cartilage supports intrapulmonary (secondary, tertiary, etc.) bronchi

Answer 20

islands of hyaline cartilage supported by smooth muscle

Question 21

epithelium that distinguish bronchioles from bronchi

Answer 21

no cartilage, simple ciliated cuboidal/columnar epithelium,

Question 22

how do bronchioles remain open

Answer 22

they do not. they are only open during inspiration assisted partially by smooth muscle

Question 23

pulmonary lobule

Answer 23

the terminal bronchiole and all its remaining branches/ducts/alveoli

Question 24

what other epithelial cell is found besides simple cuboidal/columnar in the bronchioles? What are their function?

Answer 24

Clara cells- they excrete surfactant-like fluid

Question 25

appearance of Clara cells

Answer 25

they jut out into the lumen, are non-ciliated, with apical granules, and have many mitochondria

Question 26

Pneumocyte type I

Answer 26

thin simple squamous epithelium of alveolus

Question 27

Pneumocyte type II

Answer 27

round surfactant-producing alveolar cell (foamy cytoplasm)

Question 28

tubular myelin bodies

Answer 28

granules (lamellar bodies) that hold the phosolipid surfactant while inside the Pneumocyte type II cell. allow spreading into a monomolecular layer following excretion

Question 29

why is surfactant necessary

Answer 29

prevents total alveolar collapse during exhalation

Question 30

what two types of epithelium line a conchae?

Answer 30

upper: olfactory, lower: respiratory

Question 31

how do the nuclei of olfactory epithelia differ

Answer 31

sustenatory are oval, olfactory are round (neuron-like), basal are dense.

Question 32

TERMINAL BARS

Answer 32

junction of sustentacular cells below the microvillous apex

Question 33

trachealis

Answer 33

the smooth muscle behind the c-shaped cartilage of the trachea (between the esophagus and trachea)

Question 34

what musculature is present in the bronchi

Answer 34

muscularis mucosa

Question 35

what is lacking in bronchioles compared with bronchi?

Answer 35

no goblet cells or submucosal glands or lymph nodes or longitunial mucosal folds

Question 36

lamina propria component throughout the conducting system

Answer 36

elastic fibers

Question 37

INTERALVEOLAR SEPTUM- what is the most common structure and most common cell type

Answer 37

the space through which capillaries pass between the air-gas barriers of neighboring alveoli and macrophages congregate

Question 38

what structures does the air pass through to get to the capillary

Answer 38

monomolecular surfactant layer-> type I cell -> basement membrane of type I cell -> basement membrane of the endothelial cell -> endothelial cell

Question 39

dust cells

Answer 39

mature, nearly dead macrophages that are extruded into the alveolus and coughed up to be swallowed