Respiratory

Question 1

the thorax has a natural tendency to _________ volume - opposed by forces of the lungs with a tenency to _________ volume

Answer 1

increase, decrease

Question 2

volume at the end of exhalation

Answer 2

FRC (functional residual capacity)

Question 3

with an increased compliance, lungs are (more/less) easily stretched

Answer 3

more

Question 4

with a decreased compliance, lungs are (more/less) easily stretched

Answer 4

less

Question 5

exhalation flow depends on _______

Answer 5

lung volume

Question 6

varying resistance on inhalation compared to exhalation gives us the ______________ (flow/volume curve)

Answer 6

hysteresis loop

Question 7

airway resistance progressively (increases/decreases) with reducing lung volumes

Answer 7

increases

Question 8

as exhalation is forced, resistance __________ due to the external compression of the airways

Answer 8

increases

Question 9

at lung volumes less than ___% of vital capacity, maximum expiratory flow is constant and independent of effort (more effort –> more resistance –> same flow)

Answer 9

80

Question 10

most common site for drawing arterial blood:

Answer 10

radial artery

Question 11

normal partial pressure of arterial oxygen: PaO2 = ___mmHg

Answer 11

80-100

Question 12

normal oxygen saturation of arterial hemoglobin: SaO2 = ___%

Answer 12

> 90

Question 13

normal blood hemoglobin content: Hgb = ___g/dL

Answer 13

12/16/2012

Question 14

normal partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide: PaCO2 = ___mmHg

Answer 14

35-45

Question 15

neutral measure of acidity/alkalinity: pH = __

Answer 15

7

Question 16

a pH of >7 = _______

Answer 16

alkaline

Question 17

a pH of <7 = _______

Answer 17

acidic

Question 18

normal bicarbonate ion concentration: HCO3- = ___mmol/L

Answer 18

22-26

Question 19

indicator of total blood alkali content/deficit: BE = ___

Answer 19

+/- 2

Question 20

PaO2% can be affected by:

Answer 20

pH, PaCO2, temperature

Question 21

ABG’s that tell us oxygen carrying function:

Answer 21

PaO2, SaO2, Hgb

Question 22

ABG’s that tell us ventilation:

Answer 22

PaCO2

Question 23

ABG’s that tell us the acid-base balance:

Answer 23

pH, HCO3-, Base Excess

Question 24

Low PaO2 is known as ___________ (<___mmHg)

Answer 24

hypoxemia, 80

Question 25

hypoxemia is usually related to a ___________ impairment or __________

Answer 25

diffusion, hypoventilation

Question 26

PaO2 can be chronically low in patients with ______

Answer 26

COPD

Question 27

True/False: PaO2 and SaO2 are directly related

Answer 27

FALSE

Question 28

measure of O2-carrying capacity of the blood

Answer 28

Hgb

Question 29

Ventilation is determined by ______ ("ventilation limited")

Answer 29

PaCO2

Question 30

Hypoventilation --> PaCO2 > ____mmHg (_____________)

Answer 30

45, hypercapnia

Question 31

Hyperventilation --> PaCO2 < ____mmHg (_____________)

Answer 31

35, hypocapnia

Question 32

if you have low O2 and normal CO2, you can assume that the low O2 is caused by a _____________ impairment and not alveolar _____________

Answer 32

diffusion, hypoventilation

Question 33

low O2 with high CO2 = ______________

Answer 33

hypoventilation

Question 34

pH < 7.35 leads to _________; depression of the CNS, disorientation, coma

Answer 34

acidosis

Question 35

pH >7.45 leads to ___________; hyperexcitability of the nervous system, tetany, convulsions, seizures

Answer 35

alkalosis

Question 36

acids when readily release H+ ions and completely/quickly ionize can be said to be _________ acids

Answer 36

strong

Question 37

acids which do not dissociate completely can be said to be __________ acids

Answer 37

weak

Question 38

a compound capable of accepting H+ ions

Answer 38

base

Question 39

a compound that will absorb/take up H+ ions

Answer 39

buffer

Question 40

CO2 in blood = _________ acid

Answer 40

carbonic

Question 41

Hypoventilation leads to ____________, _____________, ______________ in the respiratory mechanism of acid/base regulation

Answer 41

increased PaCO2, increased acidity, decreased pH

Question 42

Hyperventilation leads to _____________, _____________, ______________ in the respiratory mechanism of acid/base regulation

Answer 42

decreased PaCO2, decreased acid, increased pH

Question 43

Changes in the respiratory mechanism of acid/base regulaton occur (rapidly/slowly)

Answer 43

rapidly

Question 44

the metabolic mechanism of acid/base regulation is primarily controlled by which organ?

Answer 44

Kidneys

Question 45

the kidneys excrete ______ to control acid/base balance

Answer 45

bicarbonate

Question 46

Changes in the metabolic mechanism of acid/base regulation occur (rapidly/slowly)

Answer 46

slowly

Question 47

renal failure, causing metabolic alkalosis will cause ___________

Answer 47

hypoventilation

Question 48

a person with COPD/hypercapnia will have chronically elevated ______ levels; this is compensated with renal retention of _______ to show a normal pH

Answer 48

PaCO2, bicarbonate

Question 49

Chronic lung disorder characterized by dilation of the terminal airways

Answer 49

Emphysema

Question 50

Emphysema type A:

Answer 50

Panacinar/panlobular

Question 51

Emphysema type B:

Answer 51

Centrilobular/centriacinar

Question 52

type of emphysema which affects the alveoli, is distributed throughout the lungs, and causes breakdown of the alveolar walls leading to loss of surface area for air exchange:

Answer 52

A

Question 53

type of emphysema which affects the respiratory bronchioles, is distributed in the upper lobes, and is usually a progression of chronic bronchitis:

Answer 53

B

Question 54

Hyperlucency of the lungs appear on x-rays from type __ emphysema patients

Answer 54

A

Question 55

Barrel chest deformity is consistent with type __ ephysema patients

Answer 55

A

Question 56

Dry cough, increased compliance, "Pink Puffers": Type __ Emphysema

Answer 56

A

Question 57

Cough with a chronic sputum, sometimes purulent is associated with type __ emphysema patients

Answer 57

B

Question 58

Polycythemia, edema, pulmonary HTN, "Blue Bloaters": Type __ Emphysema

Answer 58

B

Question 59

Pulmonary HTN can lead to _____________, known as _____________

Answer 59

right ventricular failure, cor pulmonale

Question 60

In emphysema, ventilation is _________ relative to perfusion

Answer 60

reduced

Question 61

Method which slows the flow rate and raises intrapulmonary pressure to keep the airways open to get stale air out of the lungs

Answer 61

pursed-lip breathing

Question 62

Obstructive, reactive airway disease

Answer 62

asthma

Question 63

juvenile-onset asthma is usually caused by:

Answer 63

allergies

Question 64

Asthma causes a reduced lumen of bronchi due to:

Answer 64

bronchospasm, increased bronchial wall thickness, increased secretions

Question 65

Extrinsic triggers for asthma are usually associated with _______-onset

Answer 65

juvenile

Question 66

Intrinsic triggers for asthma are usually associated with ________-onset

Answer 66

adult

Question 67

Dilation of the bronchial walls in saccular or fusiform mechanisms, usually the result of a recurrent infection

Answer 67

Bronchiectasis

Question 68

Treatment of bronchiectasis to prevent the accumulation of secretions

Answer 68

bronchial hygiene

Question 69

Partial collapse of lung parenchyma (alveoli)

Answer 69

atelectasis

Question 70

alveolar collapse, perhaps related to surface tension changes, can be diffused or localized

Answer 70

microatelectasis

Question 71

atelectasis where the bronchus becomes occluded and air distal to the obstruction is absorbed and the lung region collapses

Answer 71

obstructive atelectasis

Question 72

signs involved with microatelectasis

Answer 72

reduced excursion, crackles, bronchial sounds, tracheal shift (ipsilateral)

Question 73

_________is the most common pathology of atelectasis

Answer 73

microatelectasis

Question 74

occurs when a bronchus is completely occluded by: carcinoma, mucous plug, foreign object, endotracheal tube inserted too far

Answer 74

obstructive atelectasis

Question 75

pneumonia usually associated with staphylococcal or streptococcal organisms

Answer 75

bronchial

Question 76

pneumonia associated with patchy infiltrates on x-rays (little white spots)

Answer 76

bronchial

Question 77

pneumonia associated with inflammation of airways with secretions; cough with large amounts of purulent sputum

Answer 77

bronchial

Question 78

pneumonia associated with pneumococcus organisms

Answer 78

lobar

Question 79

pneumonia associated with inflammation of the distal airways (alveoli) with red hepatization and pain

Answer 79

lobar

Question 80

pneumonia associated with an initially dry cough, later productive of small amounts of golden, viscous, blood-flecked sputum

Answer 80

lobar

Question 81

acute, often life-threatening lung disorder with 40-60% mortality

Answer 81

ARDS (adult respiratory distress syndrome)

Question 82

fracture of a long bone can result in a _________

Answer 82

fat embolus

Question 83

a loss in surfactant production can lead to __________

Answer 83

atelectasis