Respiratory Flashcards

Question

Pneumonic pasteurellosis

Answer 1

• Combination of: – Viral infections of the respiratory tract – Effects of transportation, temporary starvation, weaning, fluctuations in temperature, mixing, excess handling an increase in the total numbers and virulence of Pasteurella in the nasopharynx • Most commonly isolated – Mannheimia hemolytica – Pasteurella multocida

Answer 2

Pasteurellosis

Answer 3

Enzootic pneumonia of calves • Areas of collapse with little bronchiolar reaction • In the later stages a dark red consolidation with little or no fluid in the lung is detected. • Lesions are bilateral and histologically there is an interstitial pneumonia.

Answer 4

• Dairy calves are most vulnerable to lungworm disease, as they are often placed on paddocks grazed each year by successive groups of calves • With high stocking rates, pasture challenge can then reach pathogenic levels within 2 to 4 months. • Usually, only relatively small numbers of larvae survive to induce low -grade, asymptomatic infections in a new group of susceptible calves, which then start to re- contaminate the pasture and recycle the infection

Answer 5

• May also cause an encephalitis in new born calves • Infectious pustular vulvo - vaginitis (IPV), balano- posthitis in adults.

Answer 6

• Sudden onset • Anorexia, • Fever up to 42 degrees C, • Severe hyperaemia of the nasal mucosa - greyish plaques of necrosis nasal septum • Serous discharge from the eyes and nose • Respiratory rate increased and shallow • Lung sounds are normal on auscultation. • May be short explosive cough • Conjunctivitis is seen in some outbreaks.

Answer 7

• New born calves systemic form is severe and highly fatal. • Signs include sudden anorexia, fever, rhinitis, erosion of the soft palate, acute pharyngitis. Broncho- pneumonia is common.

Answer 8

• Vaginal examination reveals plaques or pustules of white necrotic material on the vulva and vaginal mucosa, and a pool of odorless mucopurulent material on the vaginal floor. • In bulls, IPV causes a balanoposthitis.

Answer 9

Overseas, abortion is a common sequel in pregnant cows

Answer 10

• Quite irritant - affected animals will often rub their noses on sticks, thistles • On palpating the nasal mucosa of chronically infected granulomatous nodules of 1 to 4 mm in diameter and height can be detected in both nostrils • The severity of the condition in affected cattle will often wax and wane

Answer 11

Caused by Mycobacterium bovis and is characterised by the progressive development of tubercles in any of the organs in most species. More about Epi: \* Inf by ingestion is more likely at pasture when faeces contaminate the feed and communal drinking water and feed troughts \* Drinking of infected milk by young animals is a commoin method of spread

Answer 12

\* TB mastitis can be of major importance because of its danged to PH \* palpation of the supramammary LNs is essential in all cases of suspected tuberculous mastitis

Answer 13

Basis of tuberculosis eradication campaigns is the tuberculin test and a knowledge of the various tests used, their deficiencies and advantages, is essential

Answer 14

• caused by a chlamydia • characterised by inflammation of vascular endothelium and mesenchymal tissue.

Answer 15

• caused by a chlamydia • characterised by inflammation of vascular endothelium and mesenchymal tissue. • Later, difficulty in walking stiffness with knuckling at the fetlocks is evident at first, followed by staggering, circling and falling • Opisthotonus may be present but there is no excitement or head pressing .

Answer 16

Sporadic Bovine Encephalomyelitis Pathology: • Chlamydia can be isolated from the blood in the early clinical • Serological tests, including a complement fixation test, are available . Pathology: • On post mortem a fibrinous peritonitis, pleurisy and pericarditis accompanied by congestion and petechiation are characteristic.

Answer 17

Epidemiology • the low density of the atmosphere at high altitudes results in an environmental anoxia • most commonly in yearlings. • Brisket disease is reported commonly only in animals maintained for some months at altitudes above 1800 metres. • Continued hypoxia can cause sufficient myocardial weakness to interfere with cardiac compensation and thus lead to congestive heart failure.

Answer 18

• A number of poisons cause dyspnoea as the prominent sign. • Farm chemicals including methaldehyde and dinitrophenols, organophosphates and carbamates, urea • Poisonous plants including fast death factors of algae, the weeds Albizia , Helenium , Eupatorium, Ipomea, Taxus spp., Laburnum and Erythrophloeum spp. can all cause dyspnoea.

Answer 19

Nitrate/nitrite poisoning – common plant sources • Cereal crops include: immature green oats, millet, barley, wheat, rye, Sudan grass, corn, sorghum fodder, mangles, turnips, sugar beet tops and rape, certain specific plants and water from deep wells. • Specific plants include variegated thistle, mintweed and a series of other plants Nitrate/nitrite poisoning. - epidemiology • Cereal and root crops are likely to contain high concentrations of nitrate when heavily fertilised with nitrogenous fertilisers • When growth is rapid during hot humid weather. • In cattle the maximum methaemoglobin level usually occurs about 5 hours after ingestion of nitrate.

Answer 20

• Post mortem - blood is coffee brown in colour and clots poorly.

Answer 21

Sources • Many plants contain cyanogenetic glucosides • Common pasture plants including sorghum, Sudan grass and Johnson grass.

Answer 22

Epidemiology • High soil concentrations of nitrogen predispose to higher levels of hydrocyanic acid in plants. • Wilted, frost bitten and young plants are likely to more toxic

Answer 23

Hydrocyanic Acid poisoning • Animals may show signs within 10- 15 minutes of eating the toxic material and die within a few minutes. • Signs observed include dyspnoea, restlessness, moaning, recumbency and terminal clonic convulsions with opisthotonus. • Mucosae are bright red in colour.

Answer 24

Treatment • Hydrocyanic acid is taken up by thiosulphate to form thiocyanate which is not toxic and is readily excreted. • Sodium thiosulphate should also be given orally to fix the free hydrocyanic acid in the rumen

Answer 25

Organophosphate compounds and carbamates inactivate cholinesterase and produce a syndrome of salivation, diarrhoea and muscle stiffness indicative of stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system.

Answer 26

Urea poisoning • Urea is used as a feed additive for ruminants as a source of non protein nitrogen and as a fertiliser • Urea should not constitute more than 3% of the concentrate ration of ruminants. • Toxic affects are due to the sudden production of large quantities of ammonia and signs occur within 20 to 30 minutes of feeding.

Respiratory Flashcards

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