Respiratory

Question 1

Describe the components of Respiratory System (exterior to interior)

Answer 1

Question 2

anatomy of lungs

Answer 2

Question 3

Respiratory Airways of the Head and Neck (anatomy)

Answer 3

Question 4

how can u locate the 2nd rib? & why is the inferior aspect of each lung is curved upwards?

Answer 4

Question 5

describe the shape of the diaphragm

Answer 5

Question 6

what types of membranes does the respiratory system contain?

Answer 6

Question 7

what things can the pleural cavity be filled with? & what is the term for each?

Answer 7

Air - (pneumothorax)
Blood - (haemothorax)
Pus - (empyema)
A watery transudate or exudate (pleural effusion)

Question 8

if a patient has pneumothorax, how can u drain the fluid? (presise location) why is the location crcuial in this situation?

Answer 8

inserting a wide-bore needle through an intercostal space (usually the 7th posteriorly)

Below the 7th intercostal space there is a danger of penetrating the diaphragm.

Question 9

how is cancer of the lung related to the diaphragm?

Answer 9

PHRENIC NERVE!

Question 10

describe the error occured here?

Answer 10

Question 11

what can cancer in the apex of the lung cause?

Answer 11

Question 12

what is a pancoast tumor?

Answer 12

Tumor in the APEX of the LUNG

Question 13

A pancoast tumor can impinge on sympathetic trunk.

what does this lead to?

Answer 13

horners syndrome

Question 14

what is horners syndrome?

Answer 14

HORNY PAMELa

Ptosis > droppy eyelid

Anhidrosis> Cant sweat normally

Miosis > contricted pupil

Enopthalmos > posterior displacement of the eyeball within the orbit

Loss of ciliopsinal reflex

Question 15

Cancer of the lung can result in a hoarse voice, why?

Answer 15

Question 16

The walls of the passageways become _______ as their lumens decrease in diameter.

Answer 16

thinner

Question 17

EPITHELIAL CHANGES IN THE RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM?

Answer 17

yr pic alaa

Question 18

the nasal cavitites is divinding into olfactory and non olfactory regions, describe the epithelium for each and types of cells or glands included

Answer 18

Question 19

what is purpose of “Bowman’s Glands’?

Answer 19

Serous glands (Bowman’s glands) flush odorants from the epithelial surface.

and it makes mucous

Question 20

LABEL the larynx

Answer 20

Question 21

Each vocal cord, of the larynx, is lined by stratified squamous epithelium and contains: (2 structures)

• what is the function of the vocal cord?
• what contributes to the resonance of the voice?

Answer 21

Question 22

what contributes to the resonance of the voice?

Answer 22

The ventricles & ventricular folds

Question 23

which bronchus is more vertical than the other & what is the significance of this?

Answer 23

Right bronchus

foreign objects r most likely to lodge into this one

Question 24

how does the histology of the trachea differ from the primary bronchi?

Answer 24

in the primary bronchi, the cartilage rings and spiral muscle completely encircle the lumen

Question 25

what changes occurs in the trachea with aging?

Answer 25

the c-shaped cartilaginous rings transform into **BONE**

Question 26

what r the secretions that r released from the epithelium and submucosal glands of the **trachea & bronchi**

Answer 26

mucins, serum, water, proteins, lysozomes (destroy bacteria), antiproteases (inactivate bacterial enzymes),

Question 27

what changes occur in the tracheal epithelium in COPD?

Answer 27

goblet cell hyperplasia smaller amount of ciliated cells hypertrophy of the submucous glands **therefore there is MORE mucous and FEWER cilia**

Question 29

Answer 29

Question 30

## Footnote Pulmonary arteries (PA) carry \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Bronchial arteries (BA) carry \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 30

Pulmonary arteries (PA) carry **deoxygenated blood.** Bronchial arteries (BA) carry **oxygenated blood.**

Question 31

what type of epithelium lines lines most of the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 31

Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

Question 32

how manyml of blood does the pulmonary vasculature contain?

Answer 32

500 ml

Question 33

Bronchiole has no cartilage or glands. how can this be problematic?

Answer 33

because it allows these air passages to **constrict** and **almost close down** when smooth muscle contraction becomes excessive.

Question 34

bronchoconstriction can become excessive in asthma. explain

Answer 34

more difficulty with expiration than inspiration (during expiration the bronchial walls are no longer held open by the surrounding alveoli).