respiratory

Question 1

What are the causes of a transudative pleural effusion?

Answer 1

heart failure
nephrotic syndrome
liver failure (hepatic hydrothorax)
Meig's syndrome (ovarian fibroma)
hypothyroidism

Question 2

What are the causes of a exudative pleural effusion?

Answer 2

infection - pneumonia, empyema, TB
cancer - lung, meso, mets
inflammatory conditions - RA, SLE
drugs - nitrofurantoin, methysergide
vascular - pulmonary infarction
sarcoidosis
radiation
pancreatitis, subphrenic abscess

Question 3

What are light’s criteria?

Answer 3

To distinguish exudate from transudate. 2/3 of the following = exudate:
pleural:serum protein > 0.5
pleural LDH > 2/3 ULN
pleural:serum LDH > 0.6

Question 4

What are the causes of wheeze?

[aka ronchi]

Answer 4

inspiratory - asthma, upper extrathoracic obstruction
expiratory - asthma, COPD
fixed monophonic - fixed bronchial obstruction

Question 5

What are the findings in different lung conditions>

Answer 5

http://davidklein.org/Inspiratory_squeaks.html

Question 6

What are the causes of crackles?

[aka crepitations]

Answer 6

late or paninspiratory:
- fine - fibrosis
- medium - LV failure
- coarse - bronchiectasis
early inspiratory - often coarse - COPD

Question 7

What are the causes of bronchial breath sounds?

Answer 7

lobar pneumonia
localised fibrosis or collapse
above a pleural effusion (collapse)
large lung cavity

Question 8

What are the causes of reduced breath sounds?

Answer 8

emphysema
large lung mass --> distal collapse
pneumonia
effusion
pneumothorax