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FHP - Tri 2 > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What other body system does the respiratory system work closest with?

A

The cardiovascular system

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2
Q

What defines the lungs into lobes?

A

Fissures

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3
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have and what are they called?

A

Two

Superior and Inferior lobe (due to cardiac notch)

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4
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have and what are they called?

A

Three

  • Superior
  • Middle
  • Inferior
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5
Q

Which primary bronchus is the largest?

A

The right

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6
Q

List the bronchial tree

A

Trachea > Primary Bronchi > Secondary > Tertiary > Bronchioles > Terminal Bronchioles

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7
Q

What epithelium is the trachea made up of?

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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8
Q

What supports the trachea and what are the 2 main functions?

A

C rings of hyaline cartilage

  • Prevents collapse
  • Allows for expansion
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9
Q

What epithelium are the bronchial airways made up of?

A

Ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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10
Q

What do the bronchial airways do?

A

Conduct air deep into lungs

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11
Q

What do the terminal bronchioles branch/subdivide into?

A

Respiratory bronchioles

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12
Q

What two epithelium are the terminal bronchioles made of?

A

Simple cuboidal

Simple squamous

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13
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Microscopic air sacs where gas exchange occurs

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14
Q

What are the two types of cell in the alveoli?

A

Type I and Type II

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15
Q

What function do type I cells in the alveoli serve?

A

They form a continuous lining and are the main site of gas exchange

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16
Q

What function do type II cells in the alveoli serve?

A

These are septal cells that secrete alveolar fluid (including surfactant) which reduces surface tension preventing alveolar collapse

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17
Q

How thick is the respiratory membrane?

A

0.5 micrometres

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18
Q

What 3 things is the respiratory membrane made up of?

A 
Alveolar cells 
Endothelium 
Connective Tissue (CT)
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19
Q

What happens at the respiratory membrane?

A

Gas exchange

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20
Q

What is ventilation?

A

The process of breathing

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21
Q

What are the two parts of ventilation?

A
  • Inhalation (atmosphere to lungs)

- Exhalation (lungs to atmosphere)

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22
Q

How is ventilation achieved?

A

Due to pressure differences and the contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles

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23
Q

How is inhalation achieved (rib cage and diaphragm)?

A

Rib cage up and out
Diaphragm down
To expand thoracic volume

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24
Q

How is exhalation achieved (rib cage and diaphragm)?

A 
Rib cage down and in 
Diaphragm up (relaxes) 
To decrease thoracic volume
25
Q

How does pressure change as volume increases?

A

Pressure decreases

26
Q

What law governs pressure and volume?

A

Boyles law (pressure x volume = constant)

27
Q

What is the equation for Boyles law?

A 
P1V1 = P2V2 OR
PV = K
28
Q

What three factors affect ventilation?

A
  1. Alveolar surface tension
  2. Lung compliance
  3. Airway resistance
29
Q

How does alveolar surface tension affect ventilation?

A

Fluid/surfactant reduces surface tension to allow for easier alveolar inflation

30
Q

How does lung compliance affect ventilation?

A

High compliance is normal allowing for easy ventilation

Low compliance in disease states

31
Q

How does airway resistance affect ventilation?

A

As diameter decreases, airflow resistance increases and leads to reduction in ventilation.

32
Q

What conditions can cause increased airway resistance?

A
  • Asthma (smooth muscle contraction)
  • Bronchitis (inflammation and musuc)
  • Emphysema (loss of elastic tissues)
33
Q

What is a normal tidal volume Vt?

A

500ml

34
Q

How much air is contained within ‘dead space’ each breath?

A

150ml

35
Q

How do gases move from the air to blood and back?

A

Diffusion

36
Q

What is partial pressure?

A

The pressure exerted by gases in air

37
Q

~ how much of air is made up of oxygen?

A

21%

38
Q

What does partial pressure difference determine?

A

The direction gases move in

39
Q

What is the PO2 in venous blood compared to arterial blood?

A

Venous - 40mmHg

Arterial - 100mmHg

40
Q

What is the PO2 in the atmosphere compared to the alveoli?

A

Atm - 159mmHg

Alveoli - 105mmHg

41
Q

What is the PCO2 in the atmosphere compared to the alveoli?

A

atm - 0.3mmHg

Alveoli - 40mmHg

42
Q

What is the PCO2 in venous blood compared to arterial blood?

A

Venous - 45mmHg

Arterial - 40mmHg

43
Q

What two ways are oxygen carried around in the blood?

A

Dissolved in water (3ml/l)

Bound to haemoglobin (197ml/l)

44
Q

What are the two components of haemoglobin?

A

Haem (pigment)

Globin (protein)

45
Q

What is at the centre of each haem molecule?

A

Iron

46
Q

How many oxygen molecules can potentially be carried by one Hb molecule

A

Four

47
Q

What is the compound called when oxygen and haemoglobin are bound together?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

48
Q

What determines the level of oxygen saturation in the blood?

A

PO2 in the blood

49
Q

What happens to O2 binding when pH becomes more acidic?

A

Less O2 binds to haemoglobin

50
Q

What does the acidic environment at the tissues allow?

A

Delivery of O2 to the tissues

51
Q

Where in the body is less acidic and what does it allow?

A

Lungs

Allows O2 to be picked up

52
Q

What 3 ways are CO2 molecules transported in the blood?

A
  • Dissolved in water (8%)
  • Bound to Hb (carbaminohaemoglobin) (25%)
  • Transported by HCO3 in plasma (67%)
53
Q

What do central chemoreceptors respond to?

A

Changes in PCO2

54
Q

What do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to?

A

Changes in PO2

55
Q

Where is the respiratory control centre?

A

Brainstem

56
Q

Where is the central chemoreceptor?

A

Medulla (brainstem)

57
Q

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors?

A 
Aortic bodies (aortic arch) 
Carotid bodies
58
Q

What does the respiratory centre end up doing?

A

Changing the activity of respiratory muscles

FHP - Tri 2 (8 decks)

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