Respiratory

Question 1

What is the histology of the respiratory tract in areas where the air needs to be filtered, warmed and moistened

Answer 1

PSUEDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

Question 2

What is the histology of the respiratory tract in areas where food or debris may damage the respiratory tract?

Answer 2

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

Question 3

What is the histology of the respiratory tract in areas where gas exchange can occur?

Answer 3

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

Question 4

Functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 4

• Provides a pathway for air into and out of the lungs
• Provides moist surface area (for gas exchange)
• Protects
• Produces sound
• Sense of smell
• Regulate PH

Question 5

What are the components of the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 5

• Nose and nasal cavity
• Paranasal sinuses
• Pharynx

Question 6

What are the components of the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 6

• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Bronchioles
• Lungs (alveoli)

Question 7

What is the function of the nasal conchae?

Answer 7

To trap and humidify air and increase surface area

Question 8

The nasal cavity is lined with two mucosa membranes, what are they?

Answer 8

Olfactory mucosa and Respiratory mucosa

Question 9

What does Respiratory epithelium mean in context to its histology?

Answer 9

It refers to pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. Sometimes with goblet cells in situations where we need mucous to protect or respiratory tract.

Question 10

What epithelium type is in the respiratory mucosa of the nasal cavity?

Answer 10

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells.

Question 11

Where does the olfactory mucosa sit?

Answer 11

On the superior regions of the nasal cavity

Question 12

What does the olfactory mucosa contain?

Answer 12

Olfactory neurons and supporting epithelial cells

Question 13

Function of nose and nasal cavities

Answer 13

Provides airway for respiration
Moistens and warms entering air using mucous lining
Filters and cleans air
Resonating chamber for air

Question 14

What are the 4 paranasal sinuses?

Answer 14

Frontal, Sphenoid, Ethmoid, and maxillary

Question 15

What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses in terms of the respiratory system?

Answer 15

Lightens the skull

Helps warm and moisten the air by producing mucous, which flows into the nasal cavity.

Question 16

What is the order of the Pharynx from most superior to most inferior?

Answer 16

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

Question 17

Which part of the pharynx is only meant to have air in it?

Answer 17

The nasopharynx

Question 18

What epithelium does the nasopharynx have?

Answer 18

“respiratory epithelium”

pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

Question 19

What part of the pharynx has openings for auditory tubes?

Answer 19

Nasopharynx

Question 20

What epithelium does the oropharynx have?

Answer 20

Stratified squamous epithelium

because food is rough on epithelial cells until further digestion

Question 21

What epithelium does the laryngopharynx have?

Answer 21

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 22

What structure does the laryngopharynx lead to?

Answer 22

Larynx

LARYNGO-pharynx

Question 23

What is the larynx?

Answer 23

A cartilaginous tube that is attached to the hyoid bone.

Question 24

What is the larynx also called?

Answer 24

The “voice box”

Question 25

What are the structures of the larynx?

Answer 25

``` Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Epiglottis Vocal cords Glottis ```

Question 26

What does the cricoid cartilage anchor the larynx to?

Answer 26

The trachea

Question 27

What is the epiglottis's nickname?

Answer 27

"guardian of the airway"

Question 28

Where is the epiglottis located?

Answer 28

Ontop of the larynx

Question 29

Function of the epiglottis?

Answer 29

Closes over larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering airway

Question 30

Function of vocal cords?

Answer 30

'Folds' over vocal ligaments that vibrate when air rushes up from the lungs

Question 31

What is the glottis?

Answer 31

An opening between the vocal cords

Question 32

Describe the key parts of the anatomy of the trachea

Answer 32

Strong hollow tube that is medial to the superior parts of the lungs. Lined with 'respiratory epithelium' (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium) Has C shaped tracheal cartilaginous rings that are made of hyaline cartilage

Question 33

What is special about the 'C shaped' tracheal cartilaginous rings of the trachea?

Answer 33

They have a posterior muscle called the trachealis muscle. | It consists of smooth muscle and it allows the trachea to constrict airway for a more forceful exhale.

Question 34

What is a carina?

Answer 34

Is the last 'c shaped' tracheal cartilaginous ring. | It divides the trachea into left and right primary bronchi.

Question 35

What is the pressure like while air is travelling through the bronchi?

Answer 35

The pressure increases as it goes from the primary bronchi to the 2ndary bronchi, and is at its most when it is in the tertiary bronchi.

Question 36

What kind of epithelium do the bronchioles have?

Answer 36

Simple cuboidal epithelium.

Question 37

What are the smallest branches of the bronchioles called?

Answer 37

Terminal bronchioles

Question 38

What is an alveoli?

Answer 38

Thin-walled structures that are made for gas exchange. | It is surrounded by a network of capillaries and have elastin to allow for recoil in exhalation.

Question 39

What are the 3 types of cells in the alveoli?

Answer 39

Type 1 pneumocytes Type 2 pneumocytes Alveolar macrophages

Question 40

What is the histology of Type 1 Pneumocytes?

Answer 40

Simple squamous epithelium

Question 41

What is the histology of Type 2 Pneumocytes?

Answer 41

Cuboidal epithelium

Question 42

Function of Type 1 Pneumocytes?

Answer 42

Gas exchange

Question 43

Function of Type 2 Pneumocytes?

Answer 43

Secrete a surfactant (lower surface tension)

Question 44

What do alveolar sacs contain?

Answer 44

Alveoli

Question 45

What is the function of Alveolar macrophages?

Answer 45

Protect epithelium

Question 46

Where do the lungs sit?

Answer 46

In the left and right pleural cavities.

Question 47

How do the lungs differ in size?

Answer 47

They differ in size because of the position of the heart. The right lung has 3 lobes The left lung has 2 lobes

Question 48

What is "pulmonary ventilation"?

Answer 48

Breathing

Question 49

What is the structure of the lungs that allow blood vessles, lymphatic vessels nerves and bronchi to enter called?

Answer 49

Hilum

Question 50

Where is the Hilum located?

Answer 50

The most medial part of each lung. Where the bronchi stop.

Question 51

What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?

Answer 51

The diaphragm contracts (rises)

Question 52

What happens to the diaphragm during exhalation?

Answer 52

The diaphragm relaxes (depresses)

Question 53

Inhalation is _____ Exhalation is _____ Passive or Active

Answer 53

Inhalation is ACTIVE | Exhalation is PASSIVE

Question 54

What are the 3 ways of getting air into the lungs?

Answer 54

Pulmonary ventilation External respiration Internal respiration

Question 55

What happens during external respiration?

Answer 55

O2 moves from the air to the blood | CO2 moves from blood to air

Question 56

What happens during internal respiration?

Answer 56

O2 moves from blood to tissues | CO2 moves from tissues to blood

Question 57

Where does external respiration occur?

Answer 57

Capillary beds at alveoli

Question 58

Where does internal respiration occur?

Answer 58

Capillary beds of the body

Question 59

What are some impacts that occur in the respiratory tract that affect external respiration?

Answer 59

Pneumonia Asthma Emphysema

Question 60

What is Asthma

Answer 60

Constriction of the bronchioles, reducing the volume of air that will enter the alveolar sacs

Question 61

What causes asthma?

Answer 61

allergies or toxins

Question 62

What is Emphysema?

Answer 62

Loss of alveoli in lungs | Reducing surface area for gas exchange

Question 63

What causes Emphysema?

Answer 63

Smoking/Vaping or poor air quality.

Question 64

What is Pneumonia caused by?

Answer 64

Viruses or bacteria

Question 65

Why does Pneumonia happen?

Answer 65

Cytokins and fluids are brought to the lungs to protect them from viruses or bacteria.