respiratory

Question 1

What is the pulmonary ligament?

Answer 1

A fold of parietal pleura extending down from the hilum.

Question 2

What is at the posterior opening of the nose into nasopharynx?

Answer 2

Choane

Question 3

What are associated with nose & drain into nasal cavity?

Answer 3

Paranasal sinuses

Question 4

Where do the auditory tubes open into?

Answer 4

Lateral walls of the nasopharynx

Question 5

What do the auditory tubes connect to?

Answer 5

air filled middle ear & mastoid process.

Question 6

What is the lowest part of the pharynx called?

Answer 6

The laryngeopharynx

Question 7

What innervates the vocal folds?

Answer 7

Recurrent laryngeal branches of the vagus.

Question 8

Where are the pharyngeal tonsils located?

Answer 8

Posterior wall of the nasopharynx.

Question 9

Where are the lingual tonsils located?

Answer 9

posterior part of the tongue

Question 10

What is anterior to the laryngeopharynx?

Answer 10

The larynx

Question 11

What is superior to the trachea?

Answer 11

The larynx.

Question 12

When does the trachea start?

Answer 12

C6

Question 13

Features of trachea?

Answer 13

16-20 C shaped cartilages that are deficient posteriorly.

Separated vertically by connective tissue and smooth muscle.

Question 14

Posterior surface trachea?

Answer 14

Fibroelastic & muscular

Question 15

What holds the trachea open?

Answer 15

C shaped cartilage rings.

Question 16

What is anterior to the trachea?

Answer 16

• fascia and muscle of neck

- manubrium, brachiocephalic & common carotid arteries

Question 17

True or false: The trachea extends from C6 to T5 and is posterior to the oesophagus.

Answer 17

FALSE: The trachea extends from C6 to T5 and is ANTERIOR to the oesophagus.

Question 18

what is posterior to the trachea?

Answer 18

-oesophagus

Question 19

Lateral to the trachea?

Answer 19

-lungs

Question 20

Order from largest to smallest - respiratory tract.

Answer 20

Trachea, principal bronchi (2), lobar bronchi (5), segmental bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

Question 21

Feature of right principal bronchus?

Answer 21

Shorter, more vertical, wider.

Question 22

Which lung are foreign bodies more likely to pass through to?

Answer 22

Right lung.

Question 23

Lobar bronchi on right side?

Answer 23

Superior, middle, inferior

Question 24

Impressions on the right lung?

Answer 24

Azygous vein. right subclavian artery, SVC, heart (right atrium)

Question 25

Where does the superior lobar bronchus enter right lung?

Answer 25

Enters hilum at T5. Posterior to pulmonary artery.

Question 26

Where does the principal right bronchus enter the lung?

Answer 26

Posteroinferior to artery & just below superior lobar bronchi. T6

Question 27

Where does the left principal bronchus enter hilum?

Answer 27

T6 unbranched. Below artery.

Question 28

What is a feature of bronchioles?

Answer 28

No cartilage in walls.

Question 29

Site of blood-air exchange?

Answer 29

Alveoli

Question 30

What is the function of type 1 and type 2 cells in alveoli?

Answer 30

1- blood-air barrier | 2-produce surfactant & a population of wandering macrophages.

Question 31

True or false: Parietal pleura enters the fissures.

Answer 31

FALSE - visceral only

Question 32

True or false: Parietal pleura covers the root of the lung.

Answer 32

True.

Question 33

What is the root of the lung?

Answer 33

Contains the structures that enter and leave the lung. blood & lymph vessels, nerves & bronchi.

Question 34

The components of the parietal pleura are?

Answer 34

Diaphragmatic, costal, cervical, mediastinal

Question 35

What are the pleural recesses?

Answer 35

Areas where regions of parietal pleura are in contact.

Question 36

Where are the pleural recesses located?

Answer 36

Costodiaphragmatic recess - angle between thoracic cage & diaphragm Costomediastinal recess - medially between the ribcage & mediastinum

Question 37

When is the lung tissue in the pleural recess?

Answer 37

During deep inspiration

Question 38

What is the sensory innervation to the lungs?

Answer 38

Branches of intercostal and phrenic nerve to the PARIETAL pleura only.

Question 39

What is the anterior border of the lung shaped by? Features?

Answer 39

Costodiphagmatic recess. Sharply angled.

Question 40

What is the posterior border of the lung shaped by? Features?

Answer 40

Vertebral column. rounded.

Question 41

Grey black on surface of lung?

Answer 41

Inhaled particles taken up by macrophages.

Question 42

Imressions on the left lung?

Answer 42

Aorta, left subclavian, left common carotid, heart (ventricles)

Question 43

Where is the apex of the lung?

Answer 43

Supraclavicular region.

Question 44

Nerves innervating trachea?

Answer 44

vagus.

Question 45

Lymph nodes - trachea?

Answer 45

Pretracheal, paratracheal - drain to ceep cervical nodes.

Question 46

Oxygenated blood supply to lungs?

Answer 46

Small bronchial arteries from descending aorta (also diffusion from alveoli).

Question 47

WHere do bronchial veins drain into?

Answer 47

Pulmonary veins or azygos system.

Question 48

Lymph drainage lungs?

Answer 48

Subpleural & deep (deep follow blood vessels and bronchi). - ultimately to bronchomediastinal trunk

Question 49

Nerve supply to lungs?

Answer 49

Pulmonary plexus - vagus & sympathetic trunk

Question 50

Quiet inspiration?

Answer 50

Ribs pulled upwards & outwards by: - external intercostal muscles contracting - contraction/downward movement of diaphragm

Question 51

Deep inspiration?

Answer 51

muscles of quiet inspiration + - Neck muscles (sternocleidomastoid) - Muscles of upper limb (pec major, minor, serratus anterior) - quadratus lumborum (stabalises rib position)

Question 52

Quiet expiration?

Answer 52

- External intercostals and diaphragm RELAX and move upwards. (RIBS down)

Question 53

Forced expiration?

Answer 53

Muscles of quiet + - internal & innermost intercostal muscles - abdominal muscles

Question 54

Where do the vagus and phrenic nerves run in relation to the lung hilum?

Answer 54

Vagus nerve running posterior to the hilum and phrenic anterior