Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Disease summaries > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

(155 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is asthma

A

Chronic airway inflammation that causes episodic exacerbations of bronchoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is asthma charecterised by

A
  • Reversible airflow limitations
  • Airway Hyper-responsiveness
  • Brobchial inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 2 groups os asthma

A
  • Eosinophillic

- Non eosinophillic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 2 types of eosinophillic asthma

A

Atopic

  • Fungal allergy
  • Common aeroallergens
  • Occupational
  • Pets

Non - atopic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 3 types on non-eosionophillic asthma

A
  • Non smoking non eosinophillic
  • Smoking assosciated
  • Obesity related
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are triggers for asthma

A
  • Infection
  • Cold air
  • Animals
  • Excercise
  • Cold/damp
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Asthma presentation - Sx

A
  • Dry cough
  • Wheeze
  • S.O.B
  • Chest tightness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Asthma presentation - signs

A
  • Bilateral polyphonic wheeze
  • Prolonged expiratory time
  • Hyperinflated chest
  • Diurinal variability -worse at night
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Asthma investigations

A

1st -
Spirometry -with reversibility

Peak air flow - 2x per day

CXR - hyperinflation in acute attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Asthma conservative management

A
  • Avoid smoking and allergens
  • Loose weight
  • Avoid triggers (NSAIDs)
  • Yearly asthma review
  • Yearly influenza vaccination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Asthma Medical management

A

1 - SABA (Salbutamol)

2 - SABA + ICS
(Budoneside)

3 - SABA + ICS + LABA
(Salmeterol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Function of beta agonists

A
  • Bind to B2 receptor on lungs
  • Increase CAMP
  • Relaxation
  • Bronchodilation

Similar to adrenaline and noradrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is bronchiectasis

A

Permanent dilatation of bronchi and bronchioles due to destruction of elastic and muscualr comonenets of bronchial wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the causes of bronchiectasis

A

Recurrent infections secondary to underlying conditions

Bronchial damage

  • Pneumonia
  • WHooping cough

Cystic fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Bronchiectasis presnetation - Sx

A

Cough

  • Green purulent sputum
  • Intermitent haemoptysis

Breathlesness
Wheeze
Fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Bronchiectasis presentation - signs

A
  • Clubbing
  • Bilateral coarse crackles
  • High pitch inspiratory wheeze
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Bronchiectasis investigations - Gold standard

A

HRCT

  • Airway dialtation
  • Bronchial wall thickening
  • Bronchial wall cysts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Bronchiectasis investigations

A

CXR

  • Cystic shadows
  • Thickened bronchial walls

Sputum culture

Spirometry
- Obstructive pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Bronchiectasis management

A

Mucolytics - Dornase aplha

Respiratory physio

Antibiotics

Pneumococcal and Flu vaccination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is COPD

A

Non reversible long term deterioration in airflow through the lungs caused by damage to lung tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is COPD charecterised by?

A

Airway obstruction

Airway limitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

COPD causes

A
  • Smoking ( > 20 pack years)
  • Chrnoic exposure to pollutants
  • Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is chronic bronchitis

A

Cough with sputum for 3 months for 2 consecutive years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Pathophysiology of chronic bronchitis

A
  • underlying inflammation
  • Mucous hypersecretion
  • Inflammatory oedema
  • Scarring and thickening
  • Airway narrows
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is emphyesema
Dilatation and destruction of lung tissue distal to terminal bronchioles
26
Pathophysiology of emphysema
- Elastin breakdown due to inflammation - Loss of elastic recoil - Air trapped in lungs - exhalation through pursed lips
27
Histological presentation of emphysema
Enlarged air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles with alveolar destruction
28
When should you suspect COPD Dx
- Long term smoker - Chrnoic SOB - Cough - Sputum - Wheeze - Recurrent infections - winter
29
Chrnoic bronchitis presentation
- productive cough >3m for 2 years BLUE BLOATER - Central cyanosis - reduced excercise tolerance - Abnormal auscultation - Dyspnoea at rest
30
Emphysema presentation
PINK PUFFER - CO2 retention - Barrel chest - Pursed lips - Non productive cough - Use of accessory muscles of inspiration
31
COPD management - conservative
- smoking cessation | - Pneumoccocal and influenza vaccine
32
COPD management - medical
- SABA No asthmatic/ No steroid responsive features - LABA + LAMA Asthmatic / steroid responsive features - LABA + LAMA + ICS
33
O2 targets for COPD patients
88-92%
34
COPD exacerbation - Community - Hospital
Community - Strep pneumoniae - Influenza Hospital - Pseudomonas aeruginosa
35
Small cell lung cancer | - association
Stong assosciation with smoking
36
what can a Small cell lung cancer lead to
Paraneoplastic syndromes due to release of neurosecretory granules ACTH --> Cushings ADH --> SIADH Tumour Auto-Ab --> Lambert-eaton myasthenic syndrome (NMJ attacked)
37
Non small cell lung cancer subtypes
- Squamous cell - Large cell - Adenocarcinoma
38
Squamous cell carcinoma - assosciation - name 2 things produced by the tumour
- Strongly assosciated with smoking - Keratin production - PTH secretion --> Hypercalcaemia
39
Adenocarcinoma | - assosciation
- STRONG assosciation with Asbestos | - more common in non smokers
40
What is a Pancoast tumour | and what is the presentation
Tumour of lung apex compression of B.V and nerves - Thoracic duct --> Upper arm swelling - Brachial plexus --> Weakness in hand muscles - SNS --> Horners syndrome
41
What is horners syndrome
- anhyrosis - partial ptosis - miosis
42
Lung cancer presentation
- cough ( > 3wks --> CXR) - SOB - Haemoptysis - Clubbing - Chest pain - WL / fever / night sweats - Recurrent infections - Pleural effusions
43
Sx of mets
- Bone pain - Seizures - Hepatic pain - Abdo pain - Headache - Neurological defecit
44
1st line Lung cnacer investigations
CXR - Hilar enlargement - Peripheral opacity - Pleural effusion - Collapse Sputum cytology Contrast enhanced CT CAP - staging
45
2nd line Lung cancer investigations
PET-CT - increases metabolic activity Bronchocscopy with biopsy
46
Presentation of RLN palsy in Pancoast tumour
- Hoarse voice | - Bovine cough
47
SVC obstruction in Pancoast tumpur presentation
- Facial swelling - Difficulty breathing - Distended neck veins
48
What is pemberton's sign
- Raise hands above head - Facial congestion and cyanosis - Obstruction of SVC by pancoast tumour
49
Pleural effusion - Transudative - protein content - causes
- LESS protein Increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased oncotic pressure Pleural protein <3g/dL Causes: - CCF - Hypoalbuminaemia - Hypothyroidism - Meig's syndrome
50
PLeural effusion - Exudative - protein content - causes
- MORE protein Increased leakiness of pleural capillaries due to infection or inflammation Pleural protein >3g/dL Causes: - Lung cancer - Pneumonia - TB - Rhematoid arthiritis
51
Pleural effusion Sx
- SOB - Dyspnoea - Pleurisy - Dry non productive cough
52
Pleural effusion signs - exmaination - ausculation - percussion
- tracheal deviation - decreased chest expansion - Diminished breath sounds - Decreased tactile fremitus - Dullness to percussion
53
Pleural effusion investigations
CXR - Meniscus - large - Blunting of costaphrenic angles - small Thoracocentesis - Lights criteria - Red cell count - LDH count - Protein count
54
Where do you insert a chest drian
triangle os safety - Lateral boarder of pec major - Anterior boarder of Lat dorsi - Lateral level of the nipple
55
When to suspect empeyema
Infected pleural effusion | - Pt with improving pneumonia but new/on going fever
56
Name 3 causes of CAP
- Strep pneumonia - Hameophillius influnzae - Mycoplasma pneumonia
57
Name 3 causes of HAP
- S.Aureus - Psedomonas aeruginosa - Klebsiella pneumonia
58
Fungal Pneumonia - causes - presentation - Tx
Pneumocytisis jiroveci - Immunocompromised Pts Dry non productive cough SOB on exertion Night sweats Co-trimoxazole
59
Pneumonia presentation
- SOB - Productive cough - Haemoptysis - Fever - Pleuritic chest pain - Delerium
60
Sign of Strep penumonia infection - CAP
Rusty coloures sputum
61
Pneumonia signs - examiantion - percussion - auscultation
Tachypnoea Tachycardia Hypoxia Dull percussion note Increased vocal fremitus Bronchial breath sounds - consolidation Focal coarse crackles
62
Pneumonia severity assessment
CURB - 65 Confusion Urea - > 7 Resp rate - >30 BP - - < 90 Systolic - < 60 diastolic Age - > 65
63
Pneumonia CURB score results
0-1 --> PO Abx + Home tx 2 - consider admission 3 - severe --> ICU
64
Pneumonia investigations
CXR - Consolidation Sputum - gram stain - culture - sensitivity Bloods
65
Abx - | CURB (0-1)
Oral therapy - Amoxixillin Penecillin allergy Doxycycline / clarithromycin
66
Abx | CURB (2)
Oral therapy | - Amoxicillin + Clarithromycin
67
Abx | CURB (3)
IV therapy | Co-amoxiclav + Clarithromycin
68
What is a pneumothorax
Air in pleural space leading to partial or complete lung collapse
69
Name 3 causes of a spontaneous pneumothorax
Primary - Young pts with no known resp illnesses - Marfans Secondary - Pts with pre-exisitng resp illnesses - COPD - CF - Sarcoidosis
70
Name 3 causes of tramuatic pneumothorax
- tension - stab wound - pleural aspiration - pleural biopsy - infection
71
Non tension penumothorax presentation
Sx - dyspnoea - pleuritic chest pain - breathlessness
72
Non tension pneumothorax signs
percussion - Hyper resonant Aucultation - decreased breath sound s Examiantion - decreased chest expansion
73
tension pneumothorax signs
``` Distended neck veins tracheal deviation reduced air entry hypotension tachycardia ```
74
Tx of tension penumothorax
Insert large bore needle with syringe filled with 0.9% sailine into 2nd intercostal space mid clavicualr line
75
Pulmonary embolism | what does a large and a small emboli cause
Large - HF and cardiac arrest Small - intrapulmonary dead space and V/Q mismatch
76
Causes of hypercoagulability | - virchows triad
``` dehydration polycythaemia contraceptive pill - oestrogen nephrotic syndrome maignancy ```
77
What is virchows triad
hypercoagulability stasis of blood flow endothelial injury
78
Pulmoary embolism presentation
- SOB - Pleuritic chest pain - Haemoptysis - Fever - Hypoxia - Tachycardia - DVT
79
What does tachypnoea lead to in a PE
respiratory alkalosis
80
Pulmonary embolism investigations
1st line - CTPA (IV contrast) - V/Q perfusion scan - D-dimer - ABG - ECG
81
Explain the Wells score
Risk of pt presenting with sx having a DVT/PE Likely (>4) --> CTPA Unlikely --> D-dimer --> Positive --> CTPA
82
Small PE management
1. O2 + analgesia 2. Enoxaparin 3. Long term anti-coag - Warfarin - DOAC - LMWH - pregnancy/malignancy
83
Large PE management
Haemodyanmic compromise (BP < 90mmHg) Thrombolysis - STREPTOKINASE / ALTEPLASE
84
What is pulmonary fibrosis
chronic inflammation with scar tissue formation
85
Pulmonary fibrosis RF
Smoking Infection - CMV / Hep C / EBV Family Hx
86
What drugs are a RF for pulmonary fibrosis
amiodarone Methotrexate Ant-depressants Nitrofurantoin
87
Pulmonary fibrosis presnetation
- dyspnoea - cough - non productive and paroxysmal - breathlesness - resp failure
88
Pulmonary fibrosis signs
- clubbing - Auscultation Crackles - fine inspiratory basal
89
Pulmonary fibrosis investigations
High resolution CT - ground glass apperance CXR Spirometry - restrictive Bloods - Type 1 resp failure Lung biopsy - exclude sarcoidosiss
90
Pulmonary fibrosis mangement
Medications - target fibroblastic proliferation and tissue remodelling Prifenidone - antifibtoric and anti-inflamm (slows FVC decline) Nintedanib - MAB targeting tyrosine kinase
91
Causes of secodnary pulmonary fibrosis
- alpha 1 anti-tryspin - SLE - R.A - Systemic sclerosis
92
What is sarcoidosis | - Epidemiology
Multi-system inflammatory granulomatous disorder | - More common in Africans - More common in females - 2 peaks of incidence 20 + 60
93
Sarcoidosis presentation
- progressive dyspnoea - dry cough - haemoptysis - chest pain - arthralgia - fever - weight loss - fatigue
94
Sarcoidosis investigations
CXR - BHL - Reticular opacities High resolution CT - lymphadenopathy - diffuse nodularity FBC - Increased ACE - Hypercalcaemia Bronchoscopy + biopsy
95
Gold standard for sarcoidosis
Bronchoscopy with biopsy and histology | - Non caesiating granuloma with epitheliod cells
96
When is tx required for sarcoidosis
eye involvement hypercalcaemia extra - pulmonary sx
97
Sarcoidosis Tx
Oral steroids - Prednisolone - bisphosphonates prophylacitcally prescirbes Mehtotrexate / Azathioprine Lung transplant
98
``` Sarcoidosis organ involvement lungs liver eyes skin kidneys bones CNS ```
BHL pulmonary fibrosis / nodules liver nodules cirrhosis cholestasis uveitis conjunctivitis optic neuritis erythema nodosum lupus pernio - raised purp;e skin lesions kidney stones - hyeprcalcaemia nephroclacinosis Arthralgia arthiritis Encephalopathy Diabetes insipidus
99
What causes TB infection | - describe the organism
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Aerobic bacilli ACID FAST - Red with Zehil neelsen stain
100
Signs of systmeic milliary TB
Kidney - sterile pyuria Menigitis Adrenals - Addisons
101
What is the vaccine for TB
BCG Vaccine - following -ve Mantoux test + immunosuppresion checking - given to high risk pts
102
TB presentation
``` Pulmonary TB - cough > 3 weeks - Haemoptysis - chest pain - breathlesness Fever Weight loss Night sweats Erythema nodosum Lethargy ```
103
TB investigations
CXR Sputum (x3) - stain and microscopy - culture FBC
104
TB appearnce on CXR
primary - patchy consolidation - pleural effusion reactivated - nodualr consolidation with cavitation (upper lobes) dissmeinated - millet seeds
105
what is the interferon gamma test
used in pts with no features of active TB but +ve mantoux test
106
TB management
``` RIPE Rifampicin - 6m Isoniazid - 6m Pyrazinamide - 2m Ethambutol - 2m ``` Pyridoxine
107
MOA + S/E Rifampicin
Inhibits RNA polymerase blocks protein synthesis Red/orange - tears / urine CYP450 inducer - contraceptive pill reduced effect
108
MOA + S/E Isoniazid
Blocks mycolic acid synthesis Peripheral neuropathy
109
S/E Pyrazinamide
Hyperuricaemia --> GOUT
110
S/E Ethambutol
Colour blindness | Reduced visual acuity
111
Salbutamol inhaler S/E
- FIne tremor - Tachycardia - hypokalaemia
112
ICS S/E
Oral candida | Stunted child growth
113
what do small cell lung cancers release
PT-hrp --> Hypercalcaemia
114
Percussion examples of: - dullness - stony dullness - hyper resonant
tumout infection consolidation collapsed lobe pleural effusion pneumothorax
115
TVF Examples of: - increased volume - decreased volume
Consolidation Tumour Lobar collapse Pneumonia Pleural effusion Pneumothorax
116
What would reduced breath sounds indicate
reduced air entry into that region of the lung - pneumothorax - pleural effuision
117
What would fine insipiratiry end crackles indicate
pulmonary fibrosis
118
What would a wheeze indiate
asthma copd bronchiectasis
119
What would coarse crackles indicate
pneumonia bronchiectasis pulmonary oedema
120
Obstructive lung disorders
``` COPD Asthma Emphysema Bronchiectasis CF ```
121
Restricitve lung disorders
Fibrotic lung disease - pulmonary fibrosis - pulmonary oedema - obesity - preganancy - MND / Guillian barre
122
Obstructive pattern
FEV1 < 80 predicted Ratio < 70%
123
Restrictive pattern
FEV1 < 80% FVC < 80% Ratio > 70%
124
What is Type 1 resp failure
Hypoxaemaia - Low PaO2 | Normocapnia - Normal CO2 ( or can be low)
125
Causes ot Type 1 respiratory failure
V/Q mismatch - pulmonary oedema - pulmonary embolism - pulmonary HTN - Pneumonia
126
What is type 2 resp failure
Hypoxaemia - Low PaO2 | Hypercapnia - High PaCO2
127
Causes of type 2 respiratory failure
Alveolar hypoventilation - COPD - Asthma - Obesity - Rib fractures - Guillian barre syndrome - MND - Opiates
128
Causes of respiratory alkalosis
- Anxiety - Pain - PE - Pneumothorax
129
Hypercapnia sx
- Bounding pulse - Asterixis - Decreased consciousness - Confusion
130
Acute pulmonary oedema tx
Furosemide GTN Oxygen Diamorphine
131
Causes of clubbing - lung - cardiac - GI
``` cystic fibrosis lung cancer bronchiectasis infective endocarditis IPF Mesothelioma ``` Cirrhosis Chrons UC Coeliac
132
ACEi adverse effects
Hypotension dry cough hyperkalaemia renal failure
133
ARBs adverse effects
hypotension hyperkalaeia renal failure
134
ARBs examples
Candesartan Losartan Irbesartan
135
Causes of a bounding pulse
CO2 retention | Aortic regurgitation
136
Causes of raised JVP - lung - cardiac
Venous HTN - Right sided HF - COPD - Interstitial lung disease Cor pulmonale Tricuspid regurgitation Constrictive pericarditis CCF
137
Causes of pulsus paradoxus
Cardiac tamponade Severe acute asthma Severe exacerbation of COPD
138
Tracheal deviation - away from side of pathologu
Tension pneumothorax Large pleural effusions
139
Tracheal deviation - towards side of pathology
Lobar collapse Fibrosis
140
Causes of decreased cricosternal distance
Hyperinflation - Asthma - COPD
141
Causes of dullness to percuss
Consolidaion tumour lobar collapse
142
Causes of stony dullness
Pleural effusions
143
Causes of hyper-resonance
Decreased tissue density - | Pneumothorax
144
Increased vibration on tactile vocal resonance
Consolidation Tumour Lobar collapse
145
Decreased vibration on tactile vocal resonace
Pleural effusion | Pneumothorax
146
Causes of bronchial breath sounds
Consolidation
147
Respiratory causes of lymphadenopathy
Lung cancer TB Sarcoidosis
148
Respiratory cause of erythema nodosum
Sarcoidosis
149
Causes of coarse crackles on auscultation
Chronic bronchitis | Pneumonia
150
Causes of a wheeze
Asthma Bronchiectasis COPD
151
Causes of a plethoric complexion
CO2 retenion | Polycythaemia - COPD
152
Causes of symmetrical reduced chest expansion
Pulmonary fibrosis
153
Causes of coarse crackles on auscultation
pneumonia bronchiectasis pulmonary oedema
154
Causes of serous sputum - frothy - pink - clear
Pulmonary oedema | Cancer
155
Causes of mucoid sputum - clear - grey - white
Chronic bronchitis COPD Asthma

Disease summaries (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions