Respiratory Anatomy

Question 1

Respiration

Answer 1

The exchange of gases between a living organism and its environtment

Question 2

What are the major function of the respiratory system?

Answer 2

Provides a passageway for oxygen to enter the body
Provides a passageway for Carbon dioxide to exit the body
Facilitate the gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body

Question 3

What three distinct processes make up the process of respiration?

Answer 3

Ventilation
Diffusion
Perfusion

Question 4

Ventilation

Answer 4

The mechanical process of moving air in and out of the lungs

Question 5

Diffusion

Answer 5

The movement of molecules through the membrane from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration

Question 6

Perfusion

Answer 6

The circulation of blood through the capillaries

Question 7

What two components is the airway divided into?

Answer 7

Upper airway, lower airway

Question 8

What are the components of the upper airway?

Answer 8

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

Question 9

What are the components of the lower airway?

Answer 9

Trachea, primary bronchi, lungs

Question 10

Major function of the upper airway

Answer 10

Warm, filter, humidify air

Question 11

Pharynx/throat

Answer 11

Muscular tube that extends from the nose and mouth to the level of the esophagus and trachea

Question 12

What is the pharynx/throat composed of?

Answer 12

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Question 13

Mouth

Answer 13

Uvula, palatine tonsil, tongue, lingual frenulum, gingiva

Question 14

5 basic functions of the nose

Answer 14

Passage of air into the respiratory system, warms air prior to entering the lungs, moistens air prior to entering the lungs, filters and cleans air of particles prior to entering the lungs, speech resonating chamber

Question 15

Nasal cavity

Answer 15

The space inside the nose above the bone that forms the roof of your mouth and curves down at the back to join the throat. Divided into two sections called the nasal passages.

Question 16

External nares

Answer 16

Openings that form the entrance to the nose

Question 17

Turbinates

Answer 17

Tiny structures inside your nose that cleanse, heat and humidify the air as it passes through your nasal cavity.

Question 18

Nasal septum

Answer 18

A wall of cartilage that divides the nose into 2 separate chambers

Question 19

Internal nares

Answer 19

The opening from the nasal cavity into the pharynx

Question 20

Vestibule

Answer 20

The area just indie the nostril that leads into the nasal cavity

Question 21

Olfactory Mucosa

Answer 21

Lines the slit-like superior area of the nasal cavity, contains sense of smell receptors

Question 22

Respiratory Mucosa

Answer 22

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, contains mucous and serous glands, 1qt. Per day mucous containing lysozyme (antibacterial enzyme) and defensins (antibiotic), gentle current of the ciliated cells moves contaminated mucous towards the pharynx for swallowing and digestion by stomach juices

Question 23

Paranasal sinuses

Answer 23

Two-way streets filled with mucus-producing (goblet) cells, small openings connect to nasal cavity, air moves in from nasal cavity and mucous drains into the cavity, helps warm and humidify air, enhances the voice resonance, frontal/sphenoid/maxillary sinuses

Question 24

Nasopharynx

Answer 24

Functions as an air passageway, lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, takes over the mucous propelling job from the nasal mucosa, contains the pharyngeal tonsil, contains the openings for the auditory tubes which drain middle ear cavities and allow middle ear pressure to equalize with atmospheric pressure

Question 25

Oropharynx

Answer 25

Air and food passageway, epithelium lining changes to stratified squamous epithelium to accommodate food passage (chemicals and friction, contains the palatine and lingual tonsils

Question 26

Laryngopharynx

Answer 26

Air and food passageway, lined with stratified squamous epithelium which continues from the oropharynx

Question 27

Eustachian tube

Answer 27

A narrow passage leading from the pharynx to the cavity of the middle ear permitting the equalization of pressure on each side of the eardrum

Question 28

Anatomy of the lower airway

Answer 28

Area where there respiratory exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs Trachea, alveoli, main bronchi, smaller bronchi, bronchioles

Question 29

Inverted tree

Answer 29

Trachea representing trunk, alveoli resembling tree’s leaves

Question 30

Larynx

Answer 30

Thyrohyoid ligament, hyoid bone, laryngeal prominence (Adams apple), thyroid cartilage, cricothyroid membrane, cricoid cartilage, trachea

Question 31

Function of the epiglottis

Answer 31

Leaf-shaped structure attached to the thyroid cartilage by the “stem”, leaf part moves up and down to close the opening to the glottis (open space between vocal cords of the larynx), keeps food out of the lungs

Question 32

Trachea

Answer 32

Windpipe, 10-12 cm long and 2.5 cm in diameter, extends from the larynx to the mediastinum, ends at primary bronchi division point (superior border of T-5), flexible and mobile, consists of 3 layers of tissue similar to many tubular organs and 16-20 “C” shaped hyaline cartilage rings

Question 33

Bronchial tree

Answer 33

Begins at the trachea and ends at the terminal bronchioles, epithelial lining changes from primary bronchi to terminal bronchioles, pseudostratified ciliated epithelium in bronchi to non-ciliated cuboidal epithelium in the terminal bronchioles

Question 34

What parts of the lower airway are involved in gas exchange?

Answer 34

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

Question 35

Respiratory bronchioles

Answer 35

Where gas exchange occurs, divide to become ducts

Question 36

Alveolar ducts

Answer 36

Single layer of epithelium, gas exchange site

Question 37

Alveolus

Answer 37

Site of gas exchange, cup-shaped structure lined with a single epithelial layer (2 types of cells) and elastic membrane

Question 38

Alveolar sacs

Answer 38

2 or more alveoli share a common opening

Question 39

Capillary

Answer 39

Alveolus, alveolar epithelium, basement lamina, interstitial space, capillary endthelium, red blood cell

Question 40

Types of Epithelial cells?

Answer 40

Type I: simple squamous Type II: septal cells Alveolar macrophages: dust cells

Question 41

Type I: simple squamous

Answer 41

Good for diffusion of gases

Question 42

Type II: septal cells

Answer 42

Produce surfactant which lowers the surface tension of fluid on alveoli, prevents collapse of alveoli, surfactant is a combination of phospholipids and lipoproteins

Question 43

Alveolar Macrophages: Dust cells

Answer 43

Wandering phagocytes that remove fine dust particles and other debris in the alveolar spaces