Respiratory Control

Question 1

Patient has inadequate activation of their diaphragm. Damage to what part of respiratory neural network is responsible?

Answer 1

Dorsal respiratory group

Question 2

What does the Pre-Botzinger complex do?

Answer 2

Generates respiratory rhythm, especially in younger people

Question 3

What is apneusis?

Answer 3

person is stuck in inspiration

Question 4

Patient is presenting with apneusis, what part of the respiratory neural network is damaged?

Answer 4

The PRG specifically the rostral pontine region

Question 5

What does the PRG do?

Answer 5

Controls length of inspiration under normal circumstances

Question 6

What does the VRG do?

Answer 6

critical for determining Vt

Question 7

What does the DRG do?

Answer 7

sends 95% premotor neurons to phrenic and recieves a lot of sensory info. The sensory info allows for it to generate a pattern.

Question 8

What does the rostral VRG do?

Answer 8

premotor to the phrenic and other inspiratory muscles

Question 9

What does the caudal VRG do?

Answer 9

Premotor to upper airway and other muscles of expiration

Question 10

A patient presents with medullary and spinal cord damage, they have an increase in their CO2 and decrease in their O2. What could this be?

Answer 10

Apnea, the absence of respiratory effort

Question 11

Where are central chemoreceptors located and what is significant about it?

Answer 11

Ventral surface of the medulla right on the BBB so they have exposure to the CSF

Question 12

What are the central chemoreceptors most sensitive to and how does it work?

Answer 12

PaCO2 Due to the close proximity of the BBB the CO2 can diffuse into the CSF. When this happens it is converted into bicarbonate via carbonic anhydrase and the H byproduct decreases the pH. This results in an increase in the firing rate to the pre-botzinger complex to increase frequency, which sends axons to the DRG and VRG to incerase Vt

Question 13

How does a glomus cell send a signal?

Answer 13

• Decreased oxygen increases ROS, Lactate, and decreases ATP
• This causes K leak channels to shut down and the cell begins to depolarize
• L type Ca channels open furthering the depolarization of the cell causing an AP that will release dopamine
• DA causes the glomus cell to send an AP

Question 14

In the peripheral chemoreceptors what will an increase in the P_aCO₂, pH_a, P_aO₂ cause?

Answer 14

• decrease firing rate

Question 15

What will occur if the slow adapting PSR is stretched?

Answer 15

• If it is stretched it means that there has been an increase in lung volume and air in the airways.
• The increase in stretch sends an AP via the vagu to the Pre-Betzinger to stop inspiration and prolong exhalation
• Breuer hering reflex
• input is critical in infancy and small input in adults unless exercising

Question 16

In the peripheral chemoreceptors what will an decrease in the PaCO2, pHa, PaO2 cause?

Answer 16

• Increase firing rate

Question 17

What are the Rapid adapting PSRs?

Answer 17

• They are located in airways and activated by irritation
• Information carried by vagus nerve
• Produces protective cough

Question 18

What are J receptors?

Answer 18

• Near alveolar capillaries activated by pulmonary edema
• Produces dry cough and rapid shallowing breathing
• Increase in P_PL and Decreased fluid filtration