Respiratory Control Rhythmogenesis - Karius

Question 1

Hypoxia

Answer 1

low O2 in the blood

Question 2

Apnea

Answer 2

stuck in expiration

• damage to medullary or spinal area
• immediate high CO2, H+, low O2

Question 3

Hypoventilation

Answer 3

high CO2, causing more rapid breathing

Question 4

Rate of breathing is determines by what calculation

Answer 4

Ve = f x TV

Question 5

active phrenic nerve causes

Answer 5

inhalation

Question 6

DRG location

Answer 6

Dorsal Respiratory Group

Part of Nucleus Solitarius

Question 7

DRG function

Answer 7

Pattern Generator for depth in TV

= gets sensory input from skin and world and phrenic N activates diaphragm for depth in breathing

Question 8

VRG location

Answer 8

Ventral Respiratory Group

Nucleus Abiguous and Retreo Amigualis

Question 9

VRG Function

Answer 9

Pattern generator also for TV
sends signal to the inhalation and exhalation muscles for depth of breathing
ROSTRAL part = to inhalation muscles motor neurons
CAUDAL part = to exhalation muscles motor neurons

Question 10

PRG location

Answer 10

MORE rostral to the Botzinger complex

Question 11

PRG function

Answer 11

ENDING inspiration
LESION = APNEUSIS
*has some role in timing of breathing (ending inspiration faster = higher frequency)

Question 12

Pre-Botzinger complex location

Answer 12

Rostral to the VRG

Question 13

Pre-Botzinger complex function

Answer 13

RHYTHM of breathing = FREQUENCY

• part of central pattern generator (core rhythm)
• very important in infants

Question 14

what medullary complex is activated first

Answer 14

1. the Pre-Botzinger setting frequency + PRG (stop inhalation also involved in f indirectly
2. then the VRG/DRG for TV depth of breathing

Question 15

Apneusis

Answer 15

cant stop inspiration 
stuck in inspiration 
*phrenic nerve never turns off
- due to pontine damage
- slight delay, however then high CO2, H+, and low O2

Question 16

what nerve does the PRG use to turn of phrenic nerve (inspiration)

Answer 16

CX 10

it can also on its own

Question 17

tachypnea

Answer 17

rapid and shallow breathing

* that and dry cough are signs or pulmonary edema

Question 18

what do chemoreceptors detect

Answer 18

low O2, high CO2 and H+

Question 19

Central Chemoreceptors
location
activated by
causes what end goal

Answer 19

1. VENTRAL, lateral of medulla
2. PaCO2 (crossed into the CSF)
3. increase firing of the Pre-Botzinger + DRG/VRG to increase f and TV of breathing
   = DRIVE TO BREATH

Question 20

Peripheral Chemoreceptors
location
activated by
causes what end goal

Answer 20

1. CAROTID BODY, Aortic Arch sinus
2. PaCO2, PHa, PaO2
3. increase firing of Pre-Botzinger + DRG/VRG to increase f and TV of breathing
   = DETECT CHANGE IN BREATHING

Question 21

3 types of mechanoreceptors

Answer 21

1. slow adapting
2. Rapidly Adapting
3. J- receptors

Question 22

Slow adapting Receptors : 
location
activated by 
end goal
purpose for existing

Answer 22

1. Airways
2. stretch of the bronchioles or airway
3. STOP inhalation and start expiration
   (PRG)
4. babies for normal breathing
   adults during exercise

Question 23

Rapidly adapting Receptors : 
location
activated by 
end goal
purpose for existing

Answer 23

1. Airways
2. irritation
3. mucous cough
4. protect the airway

Question 24

J Receptors : 
location
activated by 
end goal
purpose for existing

Answer 24

1. Alveoli
2. pulmonary edema
3. tachypnea (pre-Botz. + DRG/VRG) AND DRY COUGH
4. protect respiratory circuit

Question 25

cortical control of breathing happens when | and how is this done

Answer 25

while talking or holding breath for example | the cortex sends signal directly to the MUSCLES for respiration (BYPASS THE medulla + pons)

Question 26

central pattern receptors

Answer 26

Pre-Betz, DRG, VRG, PRG

Question 27

what do standard neurons do if low O2 or high CO2 or high H+

Answer 27

Decreasing firing rate = causes Respiratory rate (minute ventilation rate) to decrease = causing more lowering O2 and highering of CO2,H+

Question 28

what prevents the + feedback loop that the standard neurons create

Answer 28

Chemoreceptors that ----I lowering of respiration rate | = increase firing rate to increase breathing rate

Question 29

how do central chemoreceptors work | the steps in the function

Answer 29

1. tissues make CO2 + ATP from fuel 2. CO2 is carried as HCO-3 is the arterial system 3. CO2 can cross the BBB into the CSF 4. it converts back CO2 + H2O --> HCO-3 + H+ 5. the PaCO2 is sensed by the ventral medulla central chemoreceptors (when PaCO2 > 40mmHg) 6. central chemoreceptors fire ----> - Pre-Betz. (increase f) - DRG/VRG (sends Phrenic N to diaphragm to increase TV)

Question 30

how do peripheral chemoreceptors work | the steps in the function

Answer 30

1. they are located in sinusoids that are in the carotid body and some in aortic arch (SENSE LOW O2, and also high CO2,H+) 2. low O2 causes increased ROS, Lactic acid, and low ATP 3. K+ leak channels SHUT DOWN 4. peripheral chemoreceptors DEPOLARIZE 5. LCAT channels open (CA influx) 6. more depolarization ----> release DOPAMINE 7. activates the CN 9 8. increase firing to Pre-Betz + DRG/VRG = increased VC

Question 31

Sinusoids are composed of what 3 things

Answer 31

1. LOTS OF BLOOD (to bring O2,CO2,H+ levels) 2. Type 1 cells : gomus cells = sense the O2, CO2, H+ levels = PERIPHERAL CHEMORECEPTORS 3. Type 2 cells : sustentacular cells

Question 32

what kind of receptors are mechanical receptors

Answer 32

Pulmonary Stretch Receptors

Question 33

purpose of the mechanical receptros

Answer 33

the CPG about LUNG VOLUME and how fast it is changing (using the pulmonary stretch receptors)

Question 34

step by step function of the slow adapting pulmonary stretch receptors

Answer 34

1. sense stretch in the airway from inhalation 2. CN 10 fires ----> all over respiratory centers (CPG *PRG) 3. STOP INHALATION , START expiration (Hering-Breuer reflex)

Question 35

step by step function of the Rapidly adapting Pulmonary stretch receptors

Answer 35

1. sense irritation in the airway 2. CN 10 fires to CPG medulla 3. mucous coughing

Question 36

step by step function of the Juxtaglomerular (J) receptors

Answer 36

1. senses pulmonary edema irritation on the alveolar capillaries 2. activate CN 10 firing to CPG medulla 3. dry coughing + tachypnea 4. increases interpleural P