Respiratory design and organization Flashcards by she ign

200-600 million alveoli in the two lungs, the overall number correlating with –

body height.

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Each alveolus is about – in diameter

0.2 mm

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the total surface area exposed for gas exchange is estimated to be –

100 m^2

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interstitial space contains –

the pulmonary capillaries and connective tissue.

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thickness of alveolar-capillary membrane?

less than 0.4 um thick.

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What composes the alveolar-capillary membrane?

two layers of alveolar epithelium and interstitial space

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how are the 10 bronchopulmonary segments of the right lung divided?

3 superior
2 middle
5 inferior

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How are the 8 segments of the left lung divided?

4 upper

4 lower

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how are the lung segments separated?

layer of connective tissue

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Which areas have firm cartilaginous support in their walls?

trachea, bronchi, lobar bronchi and segmental bronchi

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bronchioles (< 1mm diameter) may collapse if –

extramural (“outside the wall”) pressure is sufficiently higher than the intraluminal (“inside the lumen”) pressure

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airways at the level of the bronchioles depend on – to maintain their openness

elastic recoil of alveolar septa

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function of terminal bronchioles

conduction only

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6 functions of upper airway

Thermoregulation
Filtration
Heat/moisture exchange
Gustation (taste)
Olfaction (smell)

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what lines the nasal cavities?

ciliated mucous membrane

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how do dust particles in inhaled air damage the lung?

irritates the inner surface of alveoli

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Do most dust particles in inhaled air reach the lungs?

no (hindered by ciliated mucous membrane of nose)

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functions of nasal cavities

Warm, humidify, filtrate inhaled air

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conducting zone is comprised of –

trachea and bronchi (no alveoli)

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why is conducting zone called anatomic dead space?

can’t exchange gas with venous blood

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terminal bronchioles divided into respiratory bronchioles from which –

alveoli buds

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what does each first order respiratory bronchial give rise to?

primary lobule

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what is contained within alveolar ducts and sacs?

budding alveoli (no airway mucosa)

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each primary lobule contains –

2,000 alveoli

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describe air passages' total cross sectional area

cross sectional area increases as air passages become smaller

Bulk flow occurs until --

terminal bronchioles

What is the main mechanism of ventilation in the respiratory zone?

diffusion (due to small forward velocity)

In the --, alveoli start to appear at the 17th through 19th generations

transitional zone

what comprises the respiratory zone?

alveolar ducts and sacs --> tracheobronchial tree

what are alveolar macrophages?

large mononuclear cells that inhabit alveolar surface

function of alveolar macrophages

engulf inhaled particles

simple squamous cells where gas exchange occurs

type I alveolar cells

free surface has microvilli and they secrete alveolar fluid containing surfactant

type II alveolar cells (septal cells)

wandering macrophages that remove debris

alveolar dust cells

how thick is the respiratory membrane?

1/2 um

there's a rapid increase in -- of the airways in the respiratory zone

cross-sectional area

Effects of the increased total cross-sectional area in the airways of the respiration zone

small forward velocity of gas during inspiration in respiratory bronchioles so diffusion becomes main mode of ventilation

Clara cells secrete --

proteins (surfactant apoproteins, glycoproteins), lipids, and modulators of inflammation

Clara cells metabolize --

foreign material

Clara cells help in --

airway fluid balance

three types of collateral ventilation

1. inter bronchiolar channel of Martin 2. Bronchiole-alveolar channel of Lambert 3. interalveolar pore of Kohn

The branches of the pulmonary arteries tend to follow the --

bronchial tree

Pulmonary arterioles (diameter <100 m) are normally devoid of --.

muscular tissue

form a dense network in the walls of one or more alveoli.

capillaries

pulmonary capillaries have diameters similar to --

RBC (10 um)

Owing to the --, vascularity tends to be greater in the dependent parts of the lung with important effects on regional ventilation-perfusion relationships.

gravitational effect

How do bronchi receive blood?

bronchial arteries directly from aorta

Part of the bronchial circulation mingles with pulmonary venous drainage constituting a -- which has not experienced pulmonary gas exchange.

very small shunt of deoxygenated blood

properties of blood vessels

1. ramification over air spaces 2. even distribution of perfusion 3. low vascular resistance 4. recruitment during exercise

thickness of capillary endothelial cells

0.1 um (slightly thicker than the 1 alveolar epithelial cells)

93% of the alveolar lining membrane.

type 1 alveolar epithelial cells (squamous)

Polarity of type 1 alveolar epithelial cells

alveolar and basal surfaces have different functions

Can type 1 alveolar epithelial cells divide?

where are type II alveolar cells located?

septal junctions

shape of type II alveolar cells

cuboidal/septal

type II alveolar cells are covered with --

microvilli

type II alveolar cells contain --

osmophilic organelles

function of osmophilic organelles

synthesis, storage, and discharge of surfactant phospholipid

how can type II alveolar cells become responsible for the growth and repair of the entire alveolar epithelium?

transforming into type I cells

rich in destructive enzymes and are active in combating infection and scavenging foreign bodies such as dust particles

alveolar macrophages

location of alveolar macrophages

pass through alveolar epithelium and lie within the alveolar lining fluid

interstitial cells

fibroblasts, myocytes, dendritic cells, neurons

function of fibroblast

produce collagen and elastin to support the lung

function of myocytes

contract

function of dendritic cells

immune defense

where are neurons found?

wall of airways

distribution of the 230 x 109 parenchymal cells in the normal adult human lung • Alveolar Type I

• Alveolar Type I 8%

function of central controller

generate rhythmic pattern of inspiration and expiration

where is the central controller found?

medulla and pons

central controller receives input from --

chemoreceptors, lung, and cortex

though impulses to other respiratory muscles exist, the main output of central controller is --

phrenic nerves

5 non-respiratory functions of lung

1. filtration of particles 2. filtration and dissolution of thrombi 3. antioxidase protectoin 4. immunological defense 5. conversion of angiotensin I to II

distribution of the 230 x 109 parenchymal cells in the normal adult human lung Alveolar Type II

• Alveolar Type II 16%

distribution of the 230 x 109 parenchymal cells in the normal adult human lung Endothelial

• Endothelial 30%

distribution of the 230 x 109 parenchymal cells in the normal adult human lung Interstitial

interstitial 36%

distribution of the 230 x 109 parenchymal cells in the normal adult human lung Macrophages

• Macrophages 10%

shape of type 1 alveolar epithelial cells (squamous)

broad and flat

thickness of type 1 alveolar epithelial cells (squamous)

0.1 um

cytoplasm of type 1 alveolar epithelial cells (squamous)

clear

Respiratory design and organization Flashcards

(79 cards)